UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST
FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND
LITERATURES
APPLIED MODERN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT
BA Dissertation Paper
STEELMAKING
AN ENGLISH-ROMANIAN GLOSSARY
Bucharest, 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
I.1. STEELMAKING
Metallurgy
A History of Metallurgy
Gold
Copper
. Bronze
Iron
A History of Ferrous Metallurgy
Steel
A History of the Modern Steel Industry
Steel Mill
Steel Making
I.2.Terminological Background
Definition
Technical Terminology
I.3. Theoretical facts about the glossary
Definition of the glossary
Methods and Procedures
The Semantic Fields
The Concept Map
Purpose of the Glossary
II. GLOSSARY: STEELMAKING
III. CONCLUSIONS
III. 1.1. The Terms
The Structure of the Glossary
IV. REFERENCES
I. INTRODUCTION
I.1. Steel Making
Metallurgy
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements , their inter-metallic compounds , and their compounds, which are called alloys. It is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use.
Metals are shaped by processes such as casting, forging, flow forming, rolling, extrusion, sintering, metalworking, machining and fabrication. With casting, molten metal is poured into a shaped mould. With forging, a red-hot billet is hammered into shape. With rolling, a billet is passed through successively narrower rollers to create a sheet. With extrusion, a hot and malleable metal is forced under pressure through a die, which shapes it before it cools. With sintering, a powdered metal is compressed into a die at high temperature. With machining, lathes, milling machines, and drills cut the cold metal to shape. With fabrication, sheets of metal are cut with guillotines or gas cutters and bent into shape.
"Cold working" processes, where the product's shape is altered by rolling, fabrication or other processes while the product is cold, can increase the strength of the product by a process called work hardening. Work hardening creates microscopic defects in the metal, which resist further changes of shape.
Various forms of casting exist in industry and academia. These include sand casting, investment casting (also called the "lost wax process"), die casting and continuous casting.
Metallurgists study the microscopic and macroscopic properties using metallography. In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. A metallurgist can then examine the sample with an optical or electron microscope and learn a great deal about the sample's composition, mechanical properties, and processing history.
Crystallography, often using diffraction or x-rays or electrons, is another valuable tool available to the modern metallurgist. Crystallography allow the identification of unknown materials and reveals the crystal structure of the sample. Quantitative crystallography can be used to calculate the amount of phases present as well as the degree of strain to which a sample has been subjected.
The physical properties of metals can be quantified by mechanical testing. Typical tests include tensile strength, compressive strength, hardness, impact toughness, fatigue and creep life.
A History of Metallurgy
From coins to weapons, tools to decorations, metals have played an important role in everyday life from the earliest known times to here today. Metallurgy, or the science that deals with procedures used in extracting metals from their ores, purifying and alloying metals, and creating useful objects from metals, has played a pivotal role in every known civilization. They supply a form of steady trade, the materials needed to make sturdy tools, and the ability to make powerful weapons.
1.2.1. Gold
The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be gold which can be found free or "native". Small amounts 21521n1314v of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late Paleolithic period, c. 40,000 BC.
It is clear that some of the aspects of metallurgy were present even in early biblical times. From Exodus when know that the Israelites melted down their golden objects and created the golden calf as an idol. There are many other references to gold scattered in the bible, such as the gold used to build the ark of the covenant. However, this gold seems to have been only used for decoration, idols or other "works of art", and never used for tools, weapons and other such things. There are two reasons behind why this is probably the case. For one, gold was still valuable and rare, no one would think of using a golden pitchfork. Also gold is a very soft metal, and thus cannot be used for hard tasks as it will bend and break easily. The reason gold was common before any other metals is also rather simply, things like silver, copper and iron are all found in veins, while gold is more common in lump form. Thus gold was much easier to extract without proper tools. All of these are the main reasons why gold was used commonly before copper or iron-yet wasn't ever a vital part of its time periods way of life.
1.2.2. Copper
The first metal which was largely used in trade, exploration, welfare and other aspects of life was copper. The reddish-brown metal that is found in a penny was more common in the Middle Eastern area than gold while it melted as the same temperature. However it was harder to extract from a rock face, and people probably did not see how useful it was right away. Copper is also sturdier than gold and thus had more uses. The identified first use of copper was around 4000 BC. It started appearing more regularly as trade expanded. Many areas had the copper ore but could not melt it down because they did not have enough energy to build a fire hot enough to melt the copper. Other places had this energy, but had no ore. Most of these flues came from Summer, and it was the metal trade that helped the Sumerians become and early power. Because of copper's hardness, it made good saws and axes. These saws made cutting down trees easier, as well as cutting through rock and finding more metals. With wood being easier to cut down, this would naturally spur navel industries, which in turn would increase trade. Increased trade would then help produce supplies needed to get more copper. Also, copper coins also were used as an early form of currency. However, it was still rare to see copper used to create weapons, and during this time common stone was still the preferred tool of war. This is probably because copper was still rare, as well as the fact that not as much warfare happened during the copper age as later on. Still, copper was important enough in society that the time period from 4000-2000 BC is commonly called the "Copper age". Today, copper is still used in many coins. Its more common use is in electronically wiring because it is cheep and is an extent conductor. Some computer chips and circuits are created uses copper, and so with the Computer and electronics savvy society we live in today, copper has emerged as one of the most important metals of the 21st century.
1.2.3. Bronze
Around 2000 BC people discovered that adding tin to copper during the melting process produced a material called "bronze". Bronze was better than copper in almost every way, it was easier to work with; sturdier; and, as tin was cheaper than copper, more affordable. Over the next 1600 years bronze surpassed and replaced copper as the important metal to society and started the so called "bronze age". Because bronze was better than copper, it could be used for many different things. It was sturdy enough and affordable enough to make every day tools. Because it was so easy to work with, it could be shaped into arrow heads and sets of armor, as well as axes and sword blades. Bronze, like copper before it, became a popular trade item. This benefited every aspect of the economy. Bronze was also a much nicer looking metal than copper, on top of being easier to shape and mold, and thus became a popular decorator. In fact, bronze is the third place metal given to athletes in the Olympic Games, as well as in many other competitive events.
1.2.4. Iron
It was around 750 BC that technology finally caught up with potential. Iron was a recourse that was more common that bronze, sturdier, and better to work with-much like the improving bronze was over copper. However, for a while furnaces had not been hot enough to melt the iron ore into workable material. Finally furnace methods were able to genet rate hot enough flame to at least partially melt the iron ore into a workable material. Iron basically replaced Bronze in every aspect expect for art, where bronze was still proffered being gold and silver. Like copper and bronze before it, the time period from around 750 BC-50 AD is called the "Iron age". Also like the ages before it, iron brought increased trade, with made increased wealth which then intern helped every part of life. Today, iron is still widely used as it is mixed with carbon to form what is probably the world's most important building supply, steel. Along with plastics, steel today is the material used for tools, weapons and contraction.
A History of Ferrous Metallurgy
The history of ferrous metallurgy began far back in prehistory, most likely with the use of iron from meteors. The smelting of iron in bloomeries began in the 12th century BC in India, Anatolia or the Caucasus. Iron use, in smelting and forging for tools, appeared in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BC. The use of Cast iron was known in the 1st millennium BC. During the medieval period, means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron (in this context known as pig iron) using finery forges. For all these processes, charcoal was required as fuel.
Steel (with a smaller carbon content than pig iron but more than wrought iron) was first produced in antiquity. New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century AD. In the Industrial Revolution, new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel. In the late 1850s, Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process, involving blowing air through molten pig iron, to produce mild steel. This and other 19th century and later processes have led to wrought iron no longer being produced.
Because meteorites fall from the sky, some linguists have conjectured that the English word iron (OE isern), which has cognates in many northern and Western European languages, derives from the Etruscan aisar which means "the gods". Even if this is not the case, the word is likely a loan into pre-Proto-Germanic from Celtic or Italic. Krahe compares Old Irish, Illyrian, Venetic and Messapic forms). The meteoric origin of iron in its first use by humans is also alluded to in the Quran : "and We sent down Iron in which has incredible strength and many benefits for mankind".
Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in present day Uttar Pradesh show iron implements in the period between 1800 BC - 1200 BC. Early iron objects found in India can be dated to 1400 BC by employing the method of radio carbon dating. Spikes, knives, daggers, arrow-heads, bowls, spoons, saucepans, axes, chisels, tongs, door fittings etc. ranging from 600 BC to 200 BC have been discovered from several archaeological sites of India. Some scholars believe that by the early 13th century BC, iron smelting was practiced on a bigger scale in India, suggesting that the date the technology's inception may be placed earlier. In Southern India (present day Mysore) iron appeared as early as 11th to 12th centuries BC; these developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country.
The beginning of the 1st millennium BC saw extensive developments in iron metallurgy in India. Technological advancement and mastery of iron metallurgy was achieved during this period of peaceful settlements. The coming years saw several advancements being made to the technology involved in metallurgy during the politically stable Maurya period.
About 1500 BC, increasing numbers of smelted iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of nickel in the product) appear in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Egypt.
During the Early Iron Age (12th to 10th centuries BCE) iron came to replace bronze as the dominant metal used for tools and weapons across the Eastern Mediterranean (the Levant, Cyprus, Greece, Crete, Anatolia, and Egypt). Although iron objects are known from the Bronze Age across the Eastern Mediterranean, they occur only sporadically and are statistically insignificant compared to the quantity of bronze objects during this time. The traditional explanation of the rise of iron was that the Hittites of Anatolia had mastered iron technology during the Late Bronze Age.
Mesopotamia was fully into the Iron Age by 900 BC, central Europe by 800 BC. Egypt, on the other hand, did not experience such a rapid transition from the bronze to iron ages: although Egyptian smiths did produce iron artifacts, bronze remained in widespread use there until after Egypt's conquest by Assyria in 663 BC.
Concurrent with the transition from bronze to iron was the discovery of carburization, which was the process of adding carbon to the irons of the time. Iron was recovered as sponge iron, a mix of iron and slag with some carbon and/or carbide, which was then repeatedly hammered and folded over to free the mass of slag and oxidise out carbon content, so creating the product wrought iron. Wrought iron was very low in carbon content and was not easily hardened by quenching. The people of the Middle East found that a much harder product could be created by the long term heating of a wrought iron object in a bed of charcoal, which was then quenched in water or oil. The resulting product, which had a surface of steel, was harder and less brittle than the bronze it began to replace. Quench-hardening was also known by this time.
Iron smelting at this time was based on the bloomery, a furnace where bellows were used to force air through a pile of iron ore and burning charcoal. The carbon monoxide produced by the charcoal reduced the iron oxides to metallic iron, but the bloomery was not hot enough to melt the iron. Instead, the iron collected in the bottom of the furnace as a spongy mass, or bloom, whose pores were filled with ash and slag. The bloom then had to be reheated to soften the iron and melt the slag, and then repeatedly beaten and folded to force the molten slag out of it. The result of this time-consuming and laborious process was wrought iron, a malleable but fairly soft alloy containing little carbon.
There was no fundamental change in the technology of iron production in Europe for many centuries. Iron continued to be made in bloomeries. However there were two separate developments in the Medieval period. One was the application of water power to the bloomery process in various places (as outlined above). The other was the first European production in cast iron.
Cast iron development lagged in Europe, as the smelters could only achieve temperatures of about 1000 C; or perhaps they did not want hotter temperatures, as they were seeking to produce blooms as a precursor of wrought iron, not cast iron. Through a good portion of the Middle Ages, in Western Europe, iron was thus still being made by the working of iron blooms into wrought iron. Some of the earliest casting of iron in Europe occurred in Sweden, in two sites, Lapphyttan and Vinarhyttan, between 1150 and 1350 CE. Some scholars have speculated the practice followed the Mongols across Russia to these sites, but there is no clear proof of this hypothesis, and it would certainly not explain the pre-mongol datings of many of these iron-production centres. In any event, by the late fourteenth century, a market for cast iron goods began to form, as a demand developed for cast iron cannonballs.
In the early 17th century, ironworkers in Western Europe had found a means (called cementation) to carburize wrought iron. Wrought iron bars and charcoal were packed into stone boxes, then held at a red heat for up to a week. During this time, carbon diffused into the iron, producing a product called cement steel or blister steel (see cementation process). One of the earliest places where this was used in England was at Coalbrookdale, where Sir Basil Brooke had two cementation furnaces (recently excavated). For a time in the 1610s, he owned a patent on the process, but had to surrender this in 1619. He probably used Forest of Dean iron as his raw material, but it was soon found that oregrounds iron was more suitable.
Steel
Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.02% and 1.7 or 2.04% by weight (C:1000-10,8.67Fe), depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese and tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also more brittle. The maximum solubility of carbon in iron (in austenite region) is 2.14% by weight, occurring at 1149 °C; higher concentrations of carbon or lower temperatures will produce cementite. Alloys with higher carbon content than this are known as cast iron because of their lower melting point. Steel is also to be distinguished from wrought iron containing only a very small amount of other elements, but containing 1-3% by weight of slag in the form of particles elongated in one direction, giving the iron a characteristic grain. It is more rust-resistant than steel and welds more easily. It is common today to talk about 'the iron and steel industry' as if it were a single entity, but historically they were separate products.
Though steel had been produced by various inefficient methods long before the Renaissance, its use became more common after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century, steel became a relatively inexpensive mass-produced good. Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking, further lowered the cost of production while increasing the quality of the metal. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world and is a major component in buildings, tools, automobiles, and appliances. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades of steel defined by various standards organizations.
Steel was known in antiquity, and may have been produced by managing the bloomery so that the bloom contained carbon. Some of the first steel comes from East Africa, dating back to 1400 BCE. In the 4th century BCE steel weapons like the Falcata were produced in the Iberian peninsula. The Chinese of the Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) created steel by melting together wrought iron with cast iron, gaining ultimate product of a carbon intermediate-steel-by the 1st century CE. Along with their original methods of forging steel, the Chinese had also adopted the production methods of creating Wootz steel, an idea imported from India to China by the 5th century CE. Wootz steel was produced in India and Sri Lanka from around 300 BCE. This early steel-making method employed the use of a wind furnace, blown by the monsoon winds. Also known as Damascus Steel, wootz is famous for its durability and ability to hold an edge. It was originally created from a number of different materials including various trace elements. It was essentially a complicated alloy with iron as its main component. Recent studies have suggested that carbon nanotubes were included in its structure, which might explain some of its legendary qualities, though given the technology available at that time, they were probably produced more by chance than by design. Crucible Steel was produced in Mery by 9th to 10th century CE.
In the 11th century, there is evidence of the production of steel in Song China using two techniques: a "berganesque" method that produced inferior, inhomogeneous steel and a precursor to the modern Bessemer process that utilized partial decarbonization via repeated forging under a cold blast.
The modern era in steelmaking began with the introduction of Henry Bessemer's Bessemer process in the late 1850s. This enabled steel to be produced in large quantities cheaply, so that mild steel is now used for most purposes for which wrought iron was formerly used. This was only the first of a number of methods of steel production. The Gilchrist-Thomas process (or basic Bessemer process) was an improvement to the Bessemer process, lining the converter with a basic material to remove phosphorus. Another was the Siemens-Martin process of open hearth steelmaking, which like the Gilchrist-Thomas process complemented, rather than replaced, the original Bessemer process.
These were rendered obsolete by the Linz-Donawitz process of basic oxygen steelmaking, developed in the 1950s, and other oxygen steelmaking processes.
A History of the Modern Steel Industry
The History of the modern steel industry began in the late 1850s, but since then steel has been basic to the world's industrial economy. This article is intended only to address the business, economic and social dimensions of the industry, since the bulk production of steel began as a result of Henry Bessemer's development of the Bessemer converter in 1857. Previously steel was expensive to produce and only used where nothing else would do.
The Indian steel industry began expanding into Europe in the 21st century. In January 2007 India's Tata Steel made a successful $11.3 billion offer to buy European steel maker Corus Group PLC. In 2006 Mittal Steel (based in London but with Indian management) acquired Arcelor for $38.3 billion to become the world's biggest steel maker.
By 1900 the US was the largest producer and also the lowest cost producer, and demand for steel seemed inexhaustible. Output had tripled since 1890, but customers, not producers, mostly benefitted. Productivity-enhancing technology encouraged faster and faster rates of investment in new plants. However during recessions, demand fell sharply taking down output, prices, and profits. Charles M. Schwab of Carnegie Steel proposed a solution: consolidation. J. P. Morgan and Elbert Gary led the team that worked with Carnegie and Schwab to create United States Steel, by far the largest non-railroad corporation in the world in 1901.
US Steel combined finishing firms (American Tin Plate, American Steel and Wire, and National Tube) with two major integrated companies, Carnegie Steel and Federal Steel. It was capitalized at $1.466 billion, and included 213 manufacturing mills, one thousand miles of railroad, and 41 mines. In 1901, it accounted for 66% of America's steel output, and almost 30% of the world's. During World War I, its annual production exceeded the combined output of all German and Austro-Hungarian firms.
After 1970 the company could no longer compete effectively with low-wage producers elsewhere. Imports and mini-mills undercut its sales. It went into oil then was spun off in 2001. Finally US Steel reemerged in 2002 with plants in three American locations (plus one in Slovakia) that employed fewer than one-tenth the 168,000 workers of 1902.
Steel Mill
A steel mill (British English and Australian English steelworks) is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel. Steel mills turn molten steel into blooms, ingots, slabs and sheet through casting, hot rolling and cold rolling.
An integrated steel plant has all the functions for primary steel production:
ironmaking (conversion of ore to liquid iron),
steelmaking (conversion of pig iron to steel),
bloom casting (production of large blocks of steel),
roughing rolling/billet rolling (reducing size of blocks)
product rolling (finished shapes).
Steel Making
Steelmaking is the second step in producing steel from iron ore. In this stage, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required.
The materials used in modern steelmaking are:
The iron produced in a blast furnace, either as molten iron or as pig iron.
Scrap steel.
Alloying elements.
The original methods of producing steel were labour-intensive and highly skilled arts involving open crucibles, see finery forge, puddling, blister steel, crucible steel.
An important aspect of the industrial revolution was the development of large-scale methods of producing forgeable metal (bar iron or steel). The puddling furnace was initially a means of producing wrought iron, but was later applied to steel production. The Bessemer converter was the first successful mass steelmaking process, followed by the open hearth furnace.
Modern steelmaking techniques include:
Basic oxygen furnace.
Electric arc furnace.
I.2.Terminological Background
The final purpose of this work is the make up of a terminological glossary on the steel making. In this section we will provide some theoretical notions on the object, the methods and other disciplines related to terminology.
Definition
The international standard ISO 1087:1990 defines terminology both as a discipline ( the science of terminology is the scientifically study of the notions and the terms used in the specialized languages) and a set of terms ( terminology is a set of terms which represents a system of notions of a particular field). Thus, terminology is the sum of specialized terms used in a discipline or another branch of activity.
Terminology is a discipline whose object is the systematic study of the designating of concepts particular to one of more fields or domain of human activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting correct usage. This study can be limited to one language or can cover more than one language at the same time.
The discipline of terminology is based on its own theoretical principles and consists of the following aspects:
Analyzing the concepts and concept structures used in a domain of activity
Identifying the terms assigned to the concepts
Establishing correspondents between terms in various languages in case of bilingual or multilingual terminology
Compiling the terminology on paper or in databases
Managing terminology databases
As a discipline, terminology is related to translation.
Technical Terminology
Technical terminology is the specialized vocabulary of a field. These terms have specific definitions within the field, which is not necessarily the same as their meaning in common use. Jargon is similar, but more informal in definition and use, while legal terms of art or words of art have meanings that are strictly defined by law.
Technical terminology exists in a continuum of formality. Precise technical terms and their definitions are formally recognized, documented, and taught by educators in the field. Other terms are more colloquial, coined and used by practitioners in the field, and are similar to slang. The boundaries between formal and slang jargon, as in general English, are quite fluid, with terms sliding in and out of recognition.
Technical terminology evolves due to the need for experts in a field to communicate with precision and brevity, but often had the undesired effect of excluding those who are unfamiliar with the particular specialized language of the group.
I.3. Theoretical facts about the glossary
Definition of the glossary
A glossary is a list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. It comes from Latin glossarium, from glossa which means "explanation of a difficult word". A glossary is different from a dictionary and also from a vocabulary.
Glossary is the term used for a dictionary that explains certain rare words from a language or a literary work.
It is recommended that the glossary of terms should respect the following requirements:
To represent the practical value of the documentation,
To use the international terminology according to the international organizations such as ISO, UNIPEDE etc,
To include not only simple terms or words and short syntagms, but also longer expressions.
Methods and Procedures
In order to realize the glossary one should obey the basic principles of terminology concerning the terms, the concepts, the relation between terms and the relations between terms and concepts, the accuracy of definitions, the structure of the conceptual maps etc.
The main methods and procedures regarding the glossary of Steelmaking are:
The documentation with respect to the chosen domain, Steelmaking, in English and Romanian,
The excerption and recording of terms specific to the domain, and also the context in which they appeared,
The analysis of terms,
The structure of terms in function of their association and hierarchy,
The search for the Romanian correspondent in specialized documents written in Romanian,
The search for definitions, generic concepts, antonyms, synonyms both in English and Romanian documents related to the domain in order to describe the terms,
The record of all the information found about the terms in the specialized glossary.
All the information found in the technical documentation about each term is structured according to the semantic fields.
The Semantic Fields
The semantic fields for the English and Romanian terms are:
I.D. Language/ limba termenului
I.D. Country/ tara termenului
The source field/ sursa which describes the document fro which the term was extracted
The standard definition field/ definitia standard. A definition is a description of the meaning of the lexical unit. The definition has to replace the term it defines from a semantic and syntactic point of view. This definition has to be complete in a very economic and concise way.
The nota bene field/ nota bene which presents extra information about the term not mentioned in the definition field
The Romanian correspondent field for the English terms and the English correspondent for the English terms/ Corespondentul in engleza pentru termenul roman sau corespondentul in romana pentru termenul englez which designates the same reality
The definition source field/ sursa definitiei which represents the document from which the definition was extracted (dictionaries, technical glossaries and another documents)
The grammatical category field/ categoria gramaticala
The generic concept field/ conceptul generic
The hyponym field/ hiponim. A hyponym is a term whose extension is included within that of another term.
The antonym field/ antonim. Antonyms are terms opposite in meaning.
The synonym field/ sinonim. Synonyms are different terms with similar or identical meaning. In terminology there are a few cases of perfect synonymy, quasi-synonyms are more frequent.
The variants field/ variante. A term may have different orthographical, morphological or syntactical forms.
The restrictive condition field/ conditie restrictiva, when a term is used only in a certain state
The context/collocation field/ context/colocatie, the phrases in which the term makes use of its semantic features. This field is important for the meaning of the term to be fully understood. The context must be extracted from a genuine document and it doesn t have to be translated. Collocations are expressions.
The abbreviation/expansion field/ abreviere/expansiune. In terminology concepts are usually represented by means of symbols, abbreviations, acronyms
The use area field/ aria de utilizare designates the domain in which the term defined in the standard definition field is used
The commentary/ comentariu is the field in which other important information about the term is added
The designation status field/ statutul desemnarii. A term may be official, accepted, rejected or obsolete.
This 19 semantic fields are more or less covered depending on the term.
The terms I chose: iron ore, sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, iron, pig iron, molten, smelting, coke, limestone, scrap steel, alloy, aluminium, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, boron, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, hydrogen, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur, tin, vanadium, wolfram, finery forge, blast furnace, puddling furnace, crucible steel, forgeable metal, bar iron, steel, wrought iron, open hearth furnace, basic oxygen furnace, electric arc furnace, slag, oregrounds iron, blister steel, hammer out, reverberatory furnace, stream hammer, charcoal, steelmaking, Bessemer process, basic oxygen steelmaking, carbon steel, high strenght low alloy steel, low alloy steel, stainless steel, Cor-Tel steel (weathering steel), dual-phase steel, maraging steel, eglin steel, galvanize steel, steel mill, ignot, bloom, slab, sheet steel, casting, hot rolling, cold rolling, strip steel, bar, pipe, staple (raw material), end product (finished product).
II. GLOSSARY: STEELMAKING
TERM: iron ore
ID COUNTRY: U.K, U.S.A
ID LANGUAGE: English
SOURCE: Government of South Australia, Primary Industries and Resources website, https://www.pir.sa.gov.au/minerals/geology/commodities/iron_ore
STANDARD DEFINITION: Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted.
ROMANIAN CORRESPONDENT: minereu de fier
DEFINITION SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore
NOTA BENE: Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel. 98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun + noun
GENERIC CONCEPT: iron
CONTEXTS: "Australia and Brazil together dominate the world's iron ore exports, each having about one-third of total exports." https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/
"The Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC) is Canada's largest iron ore producer and a leading global supplier of iron ore pellets and concentrates." Iron ore Company of Canada website
https://www.ironore.ca/main/index.php?sec=1&loc=112&lng=EN
USE AREA: Metallurgy
DESIGNATION STATUS: official
TERMEN: minereu de fier
TARA TERMENULUI: Romania
LIMBA TERMENULUI: Romana
SURSA: https://wwwcom.ase.ro/curs-geogr/cap5.htm
DEFINITIE STANDARD: Aglomerare de minerale în compozitia carora se gasesc anumite elemente (metale (fier), metaloizi) în cantitati suficiente pentru a putea fi exploatate rentabil. (minereu)
CORESPONDENT ENGLEZA: iron ore
SURSA DEFINITIEI: Dictionarul Explicativ al Limbii Romane , DEX, 1998
CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA: substantiv + substantiv
CONCEPT GENERIC: fier
CONTEXTE: "Atât planificata interventie franco-britanica în sprijinul Finlandei în timpul razboiului fino-sovietic din iarna 1939-1940 (.) au fost motivate în primul rând de scopul strategic al impiedicarii uneia dintre tabere sa foloseasca minereul de fier din aceste zacaminte pentru productia de otel de importanta vitala pentru razboi." https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minereul_de_fier_suedez_%C3%AEn_al_doilea_r%C4%83zboi_mondial
"Zona este renumita pentru zacamintele de minereu de fier (siderite, limonite si magnetite) care s-au exploatat de peste 2000 de ani." Consiliul Judetean Hunedara website https://www.cjhunedoara.ro/index.php?meniuId=25&viewCat=170
ARIE DE UTILIZARE: metalurgie
STATUTUL DESEMNARII: oficial
TERM: alloy
ID COUNTRY: U.K, U.S.A
ID LANGUAGE: English
SOURCE: Encyclopedia Britannica website, www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005832/alloy
STANDARD DEFINITION: An alloy is a metal that is made by mixing two or more metals, or a metal and another substance.
ROMANIAN CORRESPONDENT: aliaj
DEFINITION SOURCE: Cambridge Dictionary
NOTA BENE: The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes substantially different) from those of its components and is prepared to improve on the properties of its components.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun
CONTEXTS: "An alloy is a metal composed of more than one element (.) For example, brass is an alloy of copper and zinc." San Jose State University website, https://www.engr.sjsu.edu/WofMatE/Metals&Alloys.htm
" . automobile wheels made of "aluminium alloy" are commonly referred to as simply "alloy wheels". The usage is obviously indefinite, since steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy
COMMENTARY: Among the oldest alloys is bronze (mainly an alloy of copper and tin), the widespread use of which ushered in the Bronze Age.
USE AREA: Metallurgy
DESIGNATION STATUS: official
TERMEN: aliaj
TARA TERMENULUI: Romania
LIMBA TERMENULUI: Romana
SURSA: https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Aliaje
DEFINITIE STANDARD: Produs metalic obtinut prin topirea laolalta a anumitor metale sau a unor metale cu metaloizi
CORESPONDENT ENGLEZA: alloy
SURSA DEFINITIEI: Dictionarul Explicativ al Limbii Romane , DEX, 1998
CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA: substantiv
CONTEXTE: "Metale pretioase se considera: aurul, argintul, platina si metalele platinice (paladiul, iridiul, rodiul, ruteniul, osmiul), indiferent de starea si forma în care se afla acestea, inclusiv în forma nativa, afinata, precum si în materie prima, aliaje, semifabricate, produse industriale, compusi chimici .", extras din Fisa Actului Normativ nr. 892 din Hotararile Guvernului cu privire la supravegherea marcarii de stat, Monitorul Oficial, 119/1058, 28.09.2001
"În cele mai multe cazuri ca material de lipit se utilizeaza aliaj pe baza de zinc (frecvent 63% zinc / 37% plumb)." https://www.baumax.ro/Content.Node/werkzeug/lote-flussmittel-fluxer.php
ARIE DE UTILIZARE: metalurgie
STATUTUL DESEMNARII: oficial
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