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MODAL CAFÉ
kurz anglického jazyka
Kurzy angličtiny vysíláme v rámci pořadu Dobré ráno s BBC - před sedmou a osmou hodinou. Souhrn vsech lekcí z uplynulého týdne zařazujeme v sobotu v 13.30 a v neděli v 8.30 hodin.
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Modal Café
1: CAN (1) Possibility. The possible.
2: CAN (2) - Possibility. The possible.
4: COULD (2) - Possibility, plus distance. Distant possibility.
5: MAY (1) - Probability. I believe that this is probable.
6: MAY (2) - Probability. I believe that this is probable.
7: MIGHT (1) - Probability, plus distance. I believe that this is distantly
probable.
8: MIGHT (2) - Probability, plus distance. I believe that this is distantly
probable.
9: WILL (1) - From what I understand of the situation, I'm sure that this is
true.
10: WILL (2) From what I understand of the situation, I'm sure that this
is true
11: WILL (3) - From what I understand of the situation, I'm sure that this
is true.
12: WILL (4) - From what I understand of the situation, I'm sure that this
is true.
13: WOULD (1) - From what I understand of this unreal situation, I'm sure
that this is true
14: WOULD (2) - From what I understand of this unreal situation, I'm sure
that this is true
15: WOULD (3) - From what I understand of this unreal situation, I'm sure
that this is true
16: WOULD (4) - From what I understand of this unreal situation, I'm sure
that this is true
17: MUST (1) - Necessity. I believe that it is necessary
18: MUST (2) - Necessity. I believe that it is necessary
19: MUST (3) - Necessity. I believe that it is necessary
20: MUST (4) - The differences between must and have to:
21: SHOULD (1) - Distant possibility, probability, prediction, after verbs
(command, order, insist), after some adjectives
(important, vital), talking about obligation or duties,
asking for / giving advice
22: SHOULD (2) - Talking about obligation or duties
23: SHOULD (3) - Talking about obligation or duties
24: SHOULD (4) - The difference between 'ought to' and 'should'.
Modal Café
Programme 1: CAN (1) Possibility. The possible.
Can The negative of
'can' is 'Can. Not' - cannot. Usually we join these two words together - can't.
In British English we say /ka:nt/ and this word is usually STRESSED..
I can't speak French. She can't play the piano
In American English the negative of can is usually pronounced /kent/.
Pronunciation: It is very important when you are speaking that
there is a clear difference between 'can' and 'can't'. Remember
'can' is usually unstressed - /k..n/. 'Can't is usually stressed - 'I
can't speak French.'
Ability: I can swim. I can't speak Japanese.
Offering: Can I buy you a drink?
Possibility: You can always take a taxi.
Suggesting: Can we meet for lunch tomorrow?
Requesting: Can we have two coffees please?
Permission: Excuse me. Can I sit here?
Sloveso can často pouzíváme, kdyz mluvíme o dovednostech (v čestině -sloveso umět -umím plavat), kdyz něco nabízíme (mohu tě pozvat na skleničku?), mluvíme o moznosti (můzeme jet taxíkem), kdyz něco navrhujeme (můzeme jít spolu zítra na oběd), kdyz o něco zádáme (můzeme dostat dvě kávy?) a kdyz se dovolujeme (mohu si tu sednout?).
Programme 2: CAN (2) - Possibility. The possible.
Mluvčí vyjadřuje, ze si myslí, ze něco je či není mozné.
Do kavárny vstoupila zena v kostýmku a rozhlízí se po místě:
HELEN Excuse me. Can I sit here?
STEVE Please.
HELEN Thanks.
je mozné, abych se tu posadila? - jedná se o moznost a o dovolení
HELEN .oh I just don't believe it!
STEVE Can I help?
HELEN I've left my money in the office.
STEVE Oh dear. Well, er.. can I buy you a drink?
HELEN Well, that's very nice of you but.
STEVE Please.
HELEN A coffee then. Thank you.
STEVE (CALLING) Sam. Can we have two coffees, please.
HELEN It's very nice of you. Thank you.
V prvních dvou případech se jednalo o nabídku: Can I help? Can I buy you
a drink? V třetím případě slo o objednávku. Can we have two coffees,
please. Pokud byste chtěli v restauraci a nebo obchodě o něco pozádat
obzvlástě vybraným způsobem, potom byste patrně uzili jiné sloveso, ale v
bězné kazdodenní situaci kolem sebe vsude uslysíte. Can I have,..
please?
Could The
negative of 'could' is 'Could. Not' - could not. Usually we join these two
words together..couldn't.
Like 'can', all the meanings of 'could' have something to do with what the
speaker believes is possible. But the difference is that with 'could' the
speaker sees the possibility as 'distant'.
Sloveso could je vlastně minulý tvar od slovesa can, ale uzívá se stejně jako
can i v čase přítomném a budoucím, a stejně jako can, kdyz mluvíme o
moznostech:
Past: He could have spoken to her yesterday.
Present: He could be in the kitchen.
Future: You could take the train tomorrow.
Requests: Could you help me, please.
Suggestions: We could visit my mother next week.
Ability: I could play the piano when
I was a child.
Could se uzívá podobně jako sloveso can - ale je tu rozdíl, mluvíme sice o
moznosti, ale zároveň mluvčí vyjadřuje určitý odstup. Mluvíme o vzdálené moznosti - můze být vzdálená v čase - mluvčí hovoří o moznosti
v minulosti. Nebo jde o společenský odstup. A nebo se uzitím slovesa
could poněkud distancujeme od svého tvrzení - mozná je to vsechno jinak.
Programme 4: COULD (2) Possibility, plus distance. Distant
possibility.
Ability in the past: I could play the piano when I was a child.
Requests: Could you help me, please?
Suggestions: You could take the train tomorrow
Possibilities in the present: He could be in the kitchen.
Possibilities in the future: We could visit my mother next week.
Possibilities in the past: He could have spoken to her yesterday.
WOMAN: (CALLING) Sam.
SAM Yo!
WOMAN: Could we have two cups of tea and an orange juice, please?
SAM: (OFF) No problem.
Could we have two cups of tea - zdvořilostní odstup
ELIE .he was so nice. But the other thing was he was really easy to talk to. The trouble is.
GIRL B What?
ELIE I don't know if he wants to see me again.
GIRL B: Ah! . you could call him
ELIE What? Just call him up: 'oh hi. I really like you. Do you want to go out with me.' No, I don't think so.
GIRL B: Why not? (IMITATING GIRL A) Ooh he was lovely. We had a really good time.
ELIE Stop it! (pause) Um, ok then. Could I borrow your phone?
BOTH LAUGH. CONVERSATION FADES
Kamarádka Elie navrhuje, aby klukovi, který se jí líbí, zavolala, ale navrhuje to opatrně, protoze si není jistá, jak bude Elie reagovat. Distancuje se od svého návrhu. Elie to zpočátku připadalo nemozné, ale na konci konverzace si půjčuje kamarádčin mobil: Could I borrow your phone? Tady se dovoluje. Klidně mohla pouzít can, ale jak uz je zřejmě celá rozechvělá, zvolila zdvořilejsí formu.
Programme 5: MAY (1) Probability. I believe that this is probable.
May The negative of 'may' is 'May. Not' -It is possible to join these two words together. Like this.mayn't. But this is very unusual. Most of the time we say 'May. Not'
'May' is not a very common word in English, and it is less common in American English than British English. 'May' is sometimes used like 'can' and 'could'. But it is a much more formal word.
Stejně jako v případě can a could - pomocí may můzeme o něco pozádat
nebo něco nabídnout. May je daleko zdvořilejsí, formálnějsí sloveso. Rozdíl
gramatický: při nabídce či zádosti se may dá uzít jenom v první osobě
(sg.,pl.) I may, we may.
Offering: May I help you?
Formal requests: May we have a bottle of wine, please?
Permission: May I sit here?
To speculate about or consider things that are probably true in the
present: They may be outside.
To speculate about things that will probably be true in the future:
He may come to the party on Sunday.
To speculate about or consider things that were probably true in the past: She may have spoken to him yesterday.
Pomocí slovesa may mluvčí vyjadřuje domněnku, ze něco je a nebo není
Programme 6: MAY (2) Probability. I believe that this is probable.
MAN 1: .thanks very much, been very useful. But we still have a lot to talk about. We'll need another meeting. What about next week?
GERMAN May I make a suggestion?
MAN 1: Of course.
GERMAN: Could we meet again next month? We may have more information by that time.
MAN 1: Ah. Um. I may be on holiday next month.
GERMAN I see. Well, next week then.
MAN 1: (CONVERSATION FADES) I think that's best.
Dva businessmeni si domlouvají schůzku. Angličan navrhuje přístí týden,
ovsem jeho německý spolustolovník se snazí co nejzdvořileji odmítnout a
způsobně zádá: dovolíte, abych navrhl - May I make a suggestion - dovoluje
si podat návrh, aby se setkali přístí měsíc, protoze do té doby uz zřejmě
budou mít víc informací: We may have more information by that time.
Ovsem přístí měsíc by se do toho mohla připlést dovolená, jak zdvořile
namítá Angličan: I may be on holiday next month. V obou případech se
mluvčí domnívají, ze jde o víc, nez pouhou moznost, je velice
pravděpodobné, ze k tomu dojde.
Programme 7: MIGHT (1) Probability, plus distance. I believe
that this is distantly probable.
Might The negative of 'might' is 'Might. Not' - These words are often joined together..mightn't.
'Might ' is the past form of 'may'. But 'might' is NOT' just used to talk about 'past time'. In fact, 'might' and 'may' are used in similar ways to talk about the past, the present, and the future. But in some uses, mother-tongue English speakers prefer to use 'might' rather than 'may'.
Přestoze might je minulý tvar, neuzívá se jen v minulém čase, ale stejně jako
may se uzívá v čase přítomném i budoucím.
Asking in a very formal way for permission:
Might I make a suggestion?
Making suggestions:
You might want to see a doctor.
Talking about things that are probable in the future:
They might come to dinner tomorrow.
To speculate about things that are probably true in the present:
She might be in the office.
To speculate about things that were probably true in the past:
I might have left my books on the bus.
Význam a uzití slovesa might je v zásadě stejný jako u slovesa may -
mluvčí se domnívá, ze něco bylo - je - bude pravděpodobné, ale
přece jenom rozdíl existuje - mluvčí se od svého tvrzení distancuje, minulý
tvar slovesa dodává odstup. Vzdálenost v čase, zdvořilý odstup a nebo
Programme 8: MIGHT (2) Probability, plus distance. I believe
that this is distantly probable.
Helen a Steve přemýslí, který dopravní prostředek bude pro Steva
nejvýhodnějsí:
STEVE ..impossible to get there for the time he wants. it's too far to drive. I think I might take the train.
HELEN: Good idea. I'll phone the station and ask..where's my phone?
STEVE What?
HELEN: I can't find my phone.
STEVE It might be in your briefcase.
HELEN: No. I always..oh dear. I think I might have left it in the taxi.
STEVE Oh Helen. You'd better call them.
HELEN: Oh great, yes, of course. (CONVERSATION FADES)
But I haven't got a phone, have I?
Steve musí v určitou hodinu někde být a říká, ze je to přílis daleko na cestu
autem. A tak spekuluje, ze pravděpodobně pojede vlakem - I might take the
train - pravděpodobnost v budoucnosti. Helen se nabízí, ze zavolá na
nádrazí, v kolik jedou vlaky, ale nemůze najít mobil. Steve ji uklidňuje, ze ho
můze mít v tasce - It might be in your briefcase - pravděpodobnost v
současnosti. Třetí might pouzila Helen, kdyz se zhrozila, ze ho mohla
nechat v taxíku: I might have left it in the taxi - pravděpodobnost v minulosti. Pokud si kladete otázku, proč by se tu nedalo pouzít například sloveso could nebo may, tak odpověď zní - v podstatě dalo. Tady vlastně rozhoduje osobní pohled mluvčího - Helen to spís cítí jako pravděpodobnost nez moznost - tedy spís might nez could, a pravděpodobnost vzdálenějsí - takze opět might - spís nez may.
Programme 9: WILL (1) From what I understand of the situation,
I'm sure that this is true.
Will The negative of 'will' is 'will not'. It is usual to
join these two words together.
Like this - 'won't'.
'Will' is most commonly used in English to talk about
the future. It is also very common in sentences like -
'You'll feel better if you take this medicine' or 'I'll tell
him when I see him'. It is possible to use 'shall' with
'I' or 'we', especially in British English, in place of
'will', but this is considered quite formal and is not
used so much any more.
Sloveso will se dá kromě budoucího času uzívat v mnoha jiných podobách -
dokonce i pro čas minulý.
Talking about the future: I'll do it. I'll do it
Predicting the present: They'll be having dinner now.
Making a promise: I'll do it.
Offering: Will you have some more?
Speculating about the past: That will have been in 1980 I suppose.
Talking about habits or characteristics:
He'll sit for hours reading.
Česky můzeme podobně říct: hodiny bude sedět a číst nebo jinak: sedí
hodiny nad knihou.
Jsme na základě toho, co o určité situaci víme a jak ji chápeme, o něčem
přesvědčeni.
Programme 10: WILL (2) From what I understand of the
situation, I'm sure that this is true
Talking about the future: He'll be here in half an hour
Predicting the present: They'll be having dinner now.
Making a promise: I'll do it.
Offering: Will you have some more?
Speculating about the past: That will have been in 1980 I suppose.
Requests: If you'll follow me...
Talking about habits or characteristics:
He'll sit for hours reading.
Refusals: I won't do it.
GIRL 1: Honestly. They're still not here. They're always late! Where are they?
GIRL 2: Oh, I'm sure they'll be here soon.
GIRL 1: Well I hope so. The party will be starting now. If they don't get here in the next ten minutes, I'll never talk to them again!
GIRL 2: (conversation fades) Calm down..
Dívky se chystají na večírek, čekají na přátele, kteří podle jedné z nich chodí věčně pozdě. Druhá dívka je smířlivějsí a uklidňuje situaci slovy: I'm sure they'll be here soon - určitě tady co nevidět budou - vyjadřuje své přesvědčení - na základě toho, jak je zná a jakou má v takových situacích s nimi zkusenost - a předpovídá budoucnost. Podrázděná dívka předpovídá přítomnost. Mluví o party, která uz (podle ní) právě teď začíná: The party will be starting now - Podle mýho uz párty začíná. A tím sama sebe jestě víc rozčílila, a tak slibuje a vyhrozuje: If they don't get here in ten minutes, I'll never speak to them again - Jestli tady do deseti minut nebudou, tak s nima uz nikdy nepromluvím!
Programme 11: WILL (3)
Ani v budoucnosti není will bezproblémové. Musíme se například rozhodovat, kdy je lepsí will, a kdy se spís hodí going to. Jaký je mezi nimi rozdíl?
Will/ going to The difference between 'will' and 'going to'. 'Will' is used as a future when the speaker has only just decided about something. They have not thought about it for a long time before they say it.
Sloveso will se v budoucím čase hodí v případě, kdyz se mluvčí právě o něčem rozhodl, zvlásť o tom nepřemýslel, nekalkuloval, spontánně odpověděl například na otázku:
Would you like a drink? Yes please. I'll have a coffee.
The speaker has just decided to have a coffee. It's a spontaneous or instant decision. This is a very common use of 'will' as a future tense.
Výraz going to uzijete, kdyz o něčem přemýslíte:
I'm going to meet my parents this weekend.
Tento víkend se scházím s rodiči, mluvčí nevypálil okamzité rozhodnutí, ale
sejít se rodiči představuje společnou dohodu, nebo přinejmensím telefonát
předem.
Programme 12: WILL (4)
Skupinka mladých lidí přemýslí, co si dají k pití:
GIRL 2: So what will you have to drink?
GEORGE: I'll have a coffee.
GIRL 1: Well, I've been working..
Judy se zeptala, nabídla, co si kdo dá k pití? What will you have to drink? Kamarádi jí jeden po druhém bez velkého přemýslení odpověděli: I'll have a coffee.. I'll have an orange juice. A protoze nad tím moc neuvazovali, rozhodnutí, co pít nevyzaduje ani zádné přípravy, hodí se tu sloveso will.
MOTHER: Stacey! Stop that!
STACEY: But Mum! I don't like hot chocolate! I won't drink it!
MOTHER: You'll do as I say! Now finish that drink or you won't get any ice-cream.
STACEY: (fade out) Oh, mum!
K hádkám se také hodí sloveso will. Malá Stacey protestuje, ze horkou čokoládu pít nebude: I won't drink it! - kdyz něco odmítáme, uzijeme will v záporu: I won't. Matka ztrácí trpělivost a nařizuje: You'll do as I say! Udělás, co ti říkám! A jestě přidává výhruzku: A jestli to nevypijes, nedostanes zmrzlinu! - you won't get any ice-cream.
Programme 13: WOULD (1) From what I understand of this unreal situation, I'm sure that this is true
Would The negative of 'would' is 'Would. Not' -It is usual to
join these two words together. ...wouldn't'.
'Would' is the past form of 'will' and is used in the
same way as 'will' but to talk about events in the past.
It is also very commonly used to add politeness or
formality to requests and offers - 'would you give me
a hand?' - 'would you like a cup of tea?'
Polite requests: Would you open the window?
Offering: Would you like a drink?
Talking about likes and preferences:
I'd
like to go to
Speculating about the past:
That would have been in 1980 I suppose.
Talking about habits or characteristics in the past:
He'd sit for hours reading.
Would se uzívá podobně jako will, ale je tu jeden zásadní rozdíl. Pomocí will vyjadřujeme své přesvědčení, jsme si jisti, ze k něčemu dojde a nebo tomu tak je. Would naopak signalizuje něco nereálného:
If I had a million dollars I'd go to the moon.
Programme 14: WOULD (2)
SAM: Would you like anything else?
OLD MAN: Oh, thank you. Yes, please. I'd like another coffee but I'd prefer it a little cooler if possible. I can't drink very hot things - it hurts my teeth.
SAM: How about you ma'am?
OLD WOM: Um. You wouldn't have any decaffeinated coffee would you? Real coffee seems to stop me sleeping.
SAM: Certainly. So a warm coffee and a decaff.
Starsí manzelé si objednávají kávu. Vrchní Sam způsobně nabídl: Would you like anything else? - dáte si jestě něco? Starsí pán objednává a vyjadřuje, co by rád: I would like... Podruhé - co by radsi: I would prefer. Dal by si jestě jednu kávu, ale tentokrát kdyby mohla být studenějsí. Horké mu vadí na zuby. Zena pouzila zápor - wouldn't. Vyjádřila zdvořilou zádost: neměli byste náhodou kávu bez kofeinu? A protoze si není jistá výsledkem (spís předpokládá, ze ji mít nebudou), zdvořile naznačuje, ze si přílis vymýslí, ..dodává jestě: would you? Česky - náhodou? - Výraz would you? na konci přidává otázce na nereálnosti a zdvořilosti.
Programme 15: WOULD (3)
Would uzíváme, kdyz popisujeme zvyklosti a zvyky v minulosti:
He'd sit for hours reading.
Něco dělával, ale uz nedělá. V tomto kontextu se také uzívá sloveso used to: He used to sit for hours reading. - Celé hodiny sedával a četl.
The difference between 'used to' and 'would':
Both are used to talk about things that were true at some time in the
past but are not true any more:
'I used to have a car. I don't have a car now'.
'When I had a car, I would drive everywhere'.
Used to is used for both states and repeated actions:
I used to
live in
"Kdysi jsem zil v Londýně - jde o souvislý, permanentní stav."
I used to travel by train.
"Jezdíval jsem vlakem." - pravidelně - kazdé ráno.
Would can only be used for actions that were repeated and which the speaker sees as characteristic or habitual:
'When I was young I would read for hours every evening.'
Programme 16: WOULD (4)
Výraz used to je univerzálnějsí. Dá se uzít, kdyz popisujeme setrvalý - nepřerusovaný stav i pravidelně se opakující akci - samozřejmě jen v minulosti.
Modální sloveso would se dá uzít jen v případě opakované akce, kterou navíc mluvčí prezentuje jako něco typického, charakteristického - zvyk, návyk, rituál.
Sheily a Jane vzpomínají na skolní léta:
JANE: Oh, Sheila! That was so funny!
And do you remember Mr Cox? He used to be a real devil! Always shouting!
SHEILA: Yes. But he'd always be nice to you, Jane. I think you were one of his favourites.
JANE: I'm not so sure about that! But he did give me an interest in History. Before I met him, I never thought I'd study it at university.
SHEILA: And look at you now! Professor Jane Smith. (fade out) So what's it like at
Programme 17: MUST (1) Necessity. I believe that it is
necessary
Must The negative of 'must' is 'Must. Not' -It is usual to join these two words together. Like this..'mustn't'.
I must stop smoking
You mustn't tell George
That must've been a great holiday.
There is no past form of 'must'. Instead we use 'had
to': I had to give up smoking.
You didn't have to tell George.
Did they have to get up so early?
To give orders: You must be here early.
You mustn't wear jeans.
Strong advice (i sami sobě):
I must stop smoking.
We are sure about something in the present:
(Mary pláče) She must be unhappy.
We are sure about something in the past:
He must have gone.
Mluvčí je přesvědčen, ze něco je nezbytné, nutné. Kdyz něco přikazujeme, vyplývá to z naseho přesvědčení, ze je to tak nutné. Kdyz říkáme, ze to tak musí a nebo muselo být, opět vyjadřujeme své přesvědčení, ze na základě nám jasných důkazů tomu tak nutně je.
Programme 18: MUST (2) Necessity. I believe that it is
necessary
Must
To give orders or strong advice: I must stop smoking. You must be here early. You mustn't wear jeans.
To say that we are sure about something in the present: Mary is crying. She must be unhappy.
To say that we are sure about something in the past.
John's car was here. It's not here now. He must have gone.
JOHN: So how's the new job? It must be hard work. You look very tired.
JOHN: Wow! It must have been really bad!
Sandy včera dala v práci výpověď. John to nevěděl a polozil jí obligátní otázku, jak se jí vede v nové práci, a dodal: It must be hard work. - na základě dedukce je John přesvědčen, ze nová práce musí být vyčerpávající - v přítomnosti. Sandy přiznává, ze včera dala výpověď, a na to John vyjádří dalsí přesvědčení, ze to muselo být opravdu strasné - v minulosti. Sandy vysvětluje, v čem to bylo strasné:
JOHN: Come on
Musela vstávat brzo ráno, musela chytat vlak v 6:30. Trvalo jí věčnost, nez se vypravila, protoze musela chodit (slusně) elegantně oblečená, zádné dzíny ani tenisky!
Programme 19: MUST (3) Necessity. I believe that it is
necessary
Uzívá se jako muset - kdyz není zbytí, musíme poručit nebo důrazně poradit.
Must There is no past form of 'must'. Instead we use 'had to':
I had to give up smoking.
You didn't have to tell George.
Did they have to get up so early?
Must nemá tvar minulého času, místo toho uzíváme had to - minulý čas od
have to.
Have to The negative of 'have to' follows the usual rules for a verb.
'I have to' becomes 'I don't have to' and so on.
In British English, 'have got to' is also commonly used in
place of 'have to'.
Uses: To talk about what is necessary: I have to go to work
early tomorrow. I've got to go to work early tomorrow.
To talk about what is not necessary: I don't have to wear a
tie to work.
Sloveso have to není modální sloveso, ale dá se uzít podobně jako must. Ovsem přece jenom je tu rozdíl. Pomocí modálních sloves mluvčí přidává svůj pohled, vyjadřuje, jak on chápe situaci. Uzijeme-li have to, nutnost přichází zvenčí.
Programme 20: MUST (4) Necessity. I believe that it is
necessary
Chceme-li vyjádřit, ze něco bylo nutné v minulosti, uzíváme minulý čas had to. Sloveso have to se dá pouzít i pro přítomnou a budoucí nutnost - jaký je tedy mezi nimi rozdíl?
Must and have to: the differences
'I must give up smoking' means 'I want to give up
smoking'. (Sám jsem se rozhodl, ze musím přestat
kouřit.)
'I have to give up smoking' means 'The doctor (or someone else) has told me to give up smoking'.
(Doktor si myslí, ze musím přestat kouřit)
The negative: 'You mustn't smoke in here'.
"Tady nesmís kouřit".
'You don't have to wear a tie, but you can wear a tie if you want to.' (Můzes nosit kravatu, ale není nutné, abys ji nosil.)
Mary upustila tác plný hrníčků a talířů.
MARY: Oh, Sam. I'm sorry. I was trying to carry it in my left hand again.
SAM: I can see that! I must have told you a thousand times! I can't keep making excuses for you. Once more and Mr Christy will sack you. You've got to be more careful.
MARY: I understand. Sorry Sam. And thanks.
Programme 21: SHOULD (1)
Should The negative of 'should' is 'Should. Not' -It is usual to join
these two words together...'shouldn't'.
'Should' has a lot of uses that do not fit easily into one pattern. The best
way to approach this word is to take note of each use as you hear it.
Distant possibility: If you should see him, tell him I've left.
(česky ve smyslu: Kdybys ho měl náhodou vidět, řekni mu, ze jsem odesel.)
Probability: He should be here soon.
Prediction: I should be perfectly happy if I won a million pounds.
After verbs such as command, order, insist nařídit, přikázat, poručit, trvat na něčem):
He insisted that the contract should be signed immediately. Trval na tom, aby byla smlouva ihned podepsána.
After some adjectives such as important, vital: (nezbytný, nutný,
podstatný, důlezitý): It's important that they
should study hard for the exam'
Talking about obligation or duties měl bych, měl bys) He should see his
mother more often.
Asking for / Giving advice: What should I do? I think you should call
her.
Programme 22: SHOULD (2)
Should Offering: Should I help you?
Asking for / Giving advice: What should I do? I think you should call her.
Talking about obligation or duties: He should see his mother more often.
Talking
about failed obligation in the past: He should have told me.
Possibility: If you should see him, tell
him I've left.
Probability: He should be here soon.
Should is also used after verbs such as command, order, insist and after some adjectives such as important, vital: 'He insisted that the contract should be signed immediately. It's important that they should study hard for the exam.'
V koutku kavárny sedí muz se zenou, muz je "spravedlivě" rozhořčený:
WOMAN: .state about things. For Heaven's sake!
MAN: Where are they? They should have been here ages ago.
WOMAN: Oh, Pete. Calm down! Look. Should I go and get them?
MAN: No, no. You're right. I shouldn't worry so much. We've still got plenty of time. Anyway, fancy another coffee?
Přátelé mají zpozdění. Pete se rozčiluje, ze uz tam dávno měli být. A uzívá přitom minulý čas: should have been - mělo se v minulosti stát, a nestalo. Zena uzívá should v nabídce (Mám/měla bych pro ně zajít?) To Pete odmítá a radí sám sobě, aby se tolik nevzrusoval: I shouldn't worry so much! Uzívá zápor - shouldn't.
Programme 23: SHOULD (3)
WOMAN .Yes, O.K., that's fine.
AMERICAN: So that's the deal. It's important that we should agree on this as soon as possible.
WOMAN You're right. Well I should be able to get my boss to sign all the papers tomorrow.
AMERICAN: Thanks Helen. You know, more English companies should be like you. Quick and efficient!
WOMAN Well that's kind of you. We try to do our best.
Americký obchodník řekl, ze je velice důlezité, aby se dohodli co nejdříve. Přídavná jména jako: "důlezitý, nezbytný" přitahují sloveso should, protoze navozují závaznost.
Kate mluví o tom, co se pravděpobobně stane, o čem si myslí, ze bude
schopna zařídit: Měla bych být schopná zajistit, aby séf vsechny doklady zítra
podepsal.
Poslední should uzil Američan, kdyz řekl: "Víc anglických firem by mělo být jako ta vase." Chválí firmu, ve které Kate pracuje, a vlastně radí ostatním anglickým firmám, aby stejně tak dobře fungovaly. Dá se to také interpretovat, ze podle něj ostatní anglické firmy mají povinnost stejně výkonně fungovat.
Programme 24: SHOULD (4)
Should větsinou v sobě zahrnuje pocit povinnosti nebo závazku, dost často
morálního:
He should visit his mother more often. Měl by matku navstěvovat častěji)
Stejně tak byste mohli slyset:
He ought to visit his mother more often.
The difference between 'ought to' and 'should'.
Both are used to talk about duties or obligations, to give advice and to say what we think it is right for people to do.
We can use both 'should' and 'ought to' to talk about our own feelings.
But we usually prefer to use 'ought to' when we are talking about outside rules or laws and so on.
Kdyz se jedná o vnějsí, oficiálnějsí pravidla a zákony, máme tendenci sáhnout po slovese ought to. Modální slovesa naopak vyjadřují soukromé pocity a myslenky mluvčího. Should pouzijeme, kdyz se my sami domníváme, ze jde o nutnost, o povinnost. Rozdíl existuje, ale je tak nepatrný, ze v praxi uslysíte, jak se tato dvě slovesa často zaměňují.
TEST
Vás přítel se seznámil s dívkou, která se mu hrozně líbí, poraďte mu, aby jí zavolal:
V podstatě se nic nestane, kdyz to samé vyjádříte pomocí slovesa ought to.
Řekněte, ze máte za to, ze přátelé brzo dorazí.
Otec se s vámi měl - podle vás - podělit o nějakou informaci, jak byste vyjádřili, ze vám to měl říct:
KEY
1. I think you should call her.
2. I think you ought to call her.
3. They should arrive soon.
4. He should have told me.
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