ALTE DOCUMENTE
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MORPHOLOGY
I. THE VERB
A. PRESENT TENSES
1. Complete the sentences
We usually (take) the hostages to prison.
I (work) as an observer very often.
The left flank (help) me all he time.
In Britain the banks (open) at 9.30 in the morning.
Your job is very interesting You (meet) a lot of people.
Peter (be) in an undercover mission during this week.
Water (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.
She s very clever. She (have) access to all the foreign embassies.
Food is expensive. It (cost) a lot of money.
Our searching (begin) at 10 o clock in the morning.
2. Now make the sentences above negative.
3. Complete the sentences
Do you join us ? No, I (prefer) only well-protected areas.
They (not/sell) newspapers in that shop.
She has a car but (not/drive) very often.
The security personnel (not/be) enough for this area.
The commmand post (choose) a suitable time for transporting the Weapons.
All the members in this group (be) committed to a special mission.
Our departure flight (be) postponed.
They (delay) our searching mission every day.
The commander always (assign) members to monitor the place before and during the meeting.
He always (post) an armed guard to stop any attack.
4. Change the above sentences into the interrogative.
Fill in the blanks:
Listen ! The troops (...) to the square. (come)
They (...) a room at the hotel (book)
He (..) his post carefully. (guard)
Look ! Somebody (...) in the river (swim)
Hurry up ! The motor cade(...) (leave)
Hello! Can I speak to Ann please? She ..some tactical exercise(have)
I.... a cigarette.(smoke)
He (...) his machine pistol (load)
You (.) on my foot. Oh I m sorry. (stand)
We (..) English. (learn)
2. Now make the negative of the above sentences:
3. Complete the empty spaces:
The commander (..) to rout the army (order)
They (...) their attention to catch the intruder (focus)
Somebody (...) his hand (Wave)
It (...). (get dark)
He (...) an important letter (expect)
It (...). (rain)
Where ..John, to London or to Paris ? (travel)
Many people (...) in the military (volunteer)
The trainees (...) in a social activity at the moment. (take part)
They (...) for the compass. (ask)
4. Make the interrogative of the above sentences
1. Put the verbs in the present perfect tense simple
I (..) my passport (lose)
The agent (...). (come)
He (...) his shoes (clean)
He (..) a lot all this week (work)
So far the secretary (...) 3 letters. (type)
The left flank (..) some strange movements in the crowd. (notice)
The airplane (..). (land)
Our defence effort (...) rewarded. (be)
The principal (...) the car. (get off)
Lately all the SPP officers (..) their job correctly (do)
2. Complete:
Have you ever (...) abroad ? (to be)
Where (..) you (..) ? I (..) for you for 2 hours (be; wait)
I (...) my attention to design the plan for the mission during the last week (focus)
I (..) never (..) the target (miss)
He (..) always (...) the double agents inside his country. (identify)
Our camouflage (...) to be efficient .(prove)
The route (...) several times so far. (change)
The patrol (..) his mission. (execute)
The patrol (...) just (..) back from his mission. (come)
The commander (...) a suitable time for transporting the weapons. (chose)
1. Fill in the blanks:
The situation continuous to be serious, and troops (..) their lives to rescue people from the floods .(risk)
For more than 2 years I (...) to get permission to leave the country. (try)
We (..) the proposal for 3 hours. (discuss)
you(..) the commander ? (see) I (...) for him for 3 hours. (look for)
Unemployment (...) steadily since the huge increase in oil prices. (rise)
Over the last 3 months I (...) to pull the trigger (learn)
The protesters (..) for some months now to prevent the new road being built .(campaign)
He (..) nervous until I told him to sit down and relax (look)
They (..) over an important project for 3 months. (work)
The pollution problem (..) over the last decade. (get worse).
2. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tense: Present Tense Simple or Continuous, Present Perfect Simple or Continuous:
A. You...(look) very pleased with yourself !
B. I..(solve) all the problems the teacher gave us. I ... (work) since 8 o clock.
A. Why .. Jane (look) so worried ?
B. Well, I guess it s because she.. (not/hear) from her parents since they left.
A. I m sorry I m late.. (you/wait) long ?
B. Well, I..(wait) for about a quarter of an hour.
A. What..(you/do) all this time ?
B. I...(look) at the shop-windows. I..(see) a very nice dress.
A. Where s Paula ?
B. She s in the kitchen. She.. (try) to make pancakes for an hour and she.. (make) only four so far.
A...(you/finish) your essay for the Ecology class ?
B. No, I ...(not/finish) yet. What about you ?
A. I...(still/work) at it.
A. What s the matter ? Are you OK ?
B. I m just tired, that s all. I..(wash) all morning and I.. (not/finish)yet.
A..(you/ever/visit) the Art Museum ?
B. Yes, I..(see) the exhibition twice.
A. So have I.
A I..(just/see) your uncle s garden. He has some wonderful tulips.
B. My uncle...(know) everything about tulips. He.(grow) them for years. He..(even/try) to get some black ones. They...(look) dark blue to me, but they are beautiful indeed.
A. ... (see) my dark grey suit, dear ?
B. I..(take) it to the dry cleaners for you.
10 A. What..(do) there ?
B. I...(taste) the soup. Mum, it..(taste) delicious.
I. Change the following sentences into the simple past:
1. The command post is further on.
2. Every S.P.P. officer has to wear a badge.
3. He knows I am a spy.
4. The motocade moves towards the centre of the city.
5. The plane takes off at 10.30.
6. He carries a weapon all the time.
7. She writes speeches for the president.
8. He does not understand what you are talking about.
9. Jim runs better than I do.
10.The team leader draws the security plan.
II. Ask questions about the underlined parts of the following sentences:
We heard an explosion.
The detail protected the dignitary closely.
The lead advance agent took all the necessary measures in due time.
She did not show up because she felt ill.
He sent postcards to his friends in South Africa.
The sniper shot at the enemy.
Sam bought these trousers on the market.
I first met John ten years ago.
He caused a divertion last winter.
10. When he heard the noise,he cocked the gun and stood there waiting.
III. Put the verbs in parenthesis into the simple past or the past continuous:
The ship (approach) Cape Town when the tornado (begin).
The bomb (go) off when the president (deliver) a speech.
The plane (catch) fire when it (take) off.
She (stay) in a safe place while alarm detectors (be) deployed along the perimeter.
He (break) down when he ( hear) the news.
Tim (crash) into a street light because he (drive) so fast.
While the elevator (be) kept,at the disposal of the dignitary,the guards of the hotel (take) all the last minutes steps.
The customs officers (check) their luggage, when the lead advence team (get) to the airport.
He (not hear) the bell because the radio (play).
10.The driver of the limo (stop) short when he (become) aware of the
danger.
IV. Put the verbs in parenthesis into the Simple Past or the Past Perfect:
1. When the police (enter) the bank, the robbers already (escape).
They (manage) to work out a big ammount of advance planning before the age 20220m1219u nt in charge (reach) the area.
He (not understand) a word until they (bring) an interpreter.
The protectee (see) a red car and asked the S.P.P. officer who (park) it there the day before.
When I (get) on the train I (realise) that I (forget) my passport.
V. Translate into English:
Masina principala s-a deplasat pe traseul prestabilit iar închizatorul de coloana a urmat-o la o distanta considerabila.
Dupa ce si-au îndeplinit misiunea încredintata, ofiterii din grupul antemergator au revenit în tara.
Am plecat mai devreme pentru ca a doua zi urma sa zburam la Detroit.
În timp ce tragatorii de elita faceau ultimele pregatiri pentru misiune,o bomba a fost detonata în apropierea obiectivului.
Corpurile de paza fusesera avertizate privind culegerea de informatii însa, în tot acest timp, stiusera ca adunarea de date nu constituie un atac în sine.
Politia a acceptat conditiile teroristilor dupa ce acestia au împuscat unul din ostateci.
Noaptea trecuta o echipa de salvare a pornit în cautarea unui terorist francez care parasise adapostul în cursul dupa-amiezii si nu se mai întorsese.
Dupa ce seful grupului de siguranta a analizat amanuntit posibilitatile de instructie pentru a duce la bun sfârsit atacul planificat, adica acumularea de cunostinte tehnice privind folosirea mecanismelor explozive sofisticate sau a armamentului, tot grupul a trecut la punerea în practica a tuturor informatiilor culese pâna atunci.
Echipa de interventie de urgenta (emergency response team) actiona în forta când pericolul s-a amplificat din cauza unor forte externe.
Atât masinii de comunicatie cât si masinii de interventie li s-au modificat traseele numai dupa ce planul de securitate a fost atent analizat si discutat.
VI. Complete the sentences with appropriate verbs using the same one for each
sentence in the pair. Use the past perfect continuous,if possible;if not,use
the past perfect simple.
a. She took a bottle from the bag she.....all the way from home.
b. The avalanche.....them 500 metres down the mountain but no
one was hurt.
a. We....for visas well before our departure date, but still had not
heard anything by the day we were due to leave.
b. She....for jobs, without success, since leaving university.
a. He...all the way from New York to see us.
b. When the plane was diverted, it....from London to Frankfurt.
a. She.....for the same company since she qualified.
b. He......finally....his way up from the shop floor to a
management position.
C. FUTURE (simple, continuous, perfect)
I.Put the verbs in paranthesis in the most suitable future form (will+infinitive;present continuous or "be going to" form).
1.I have got my visa and my return ticket.I (leave) tomorrow.
2. I must leave you for a moment. I (be) right back.
3.The phone is ringing. I(get) it.
4.Both the staff and the tail (come back ) tomorrow at noon.
5.The countersniper (fight) against the terrorist in case the latter opens fire.
6. As soon as the commander orders him, he (cock) the gun and (shoot).
7.The P.S.O.(get in) the car only after he has been told.
8.This suitcase is too heavy for me to carry.You (give) me a hand?
9.If you get out of the kill zone, you (surrender) the weapon?
10.You (disseminate) all the information you gathered or keep it to yourself?
II.Put the verbs in paranthesis into the future simple or continuous
There is a big sale at Bloomingdale's tomorrow. Iam sure people (queue) up in the street from early morning.
This time tomorrow I(fly) across the Atlantic.
Neither the right flank nor the left flank (walk) faster than the principal.
If you need him you (find) him further on.
Please, bring your best clothes with you, because you (meet) very important bussinessmen during your stay in Geneva.
If they want to get to the HQ. they have to get through the counter terrorist filter.
7.A car (wait) for you outside the Panam. Terminal at 7 p. m.
8.Keep a good eye on them or else they (kill) one another with the flare pistols they were given.
9.You (join) us at the management team meeting tomorrow at 3 p.m.? We (discuss) the new budget.
10.The driver (take) you straight to Stratfort Hotel.
III.Put the verbs in parantheses in the future perfect or simple
1.They started to climb in the morning.I expect they (reach) the top by noon.
2.We cannot put you up tonight,the hostel is full but come back tomorrow.Some of our guests (go) by then.
3.The personal security detail (be given) the tasks only after the officers in charge of the security plan (look into) it minutely.
4.He (send) pieces of information only after the protectee (agree) to it.
5.The emergency response team (learn) all the specific drills by the end of next month.
IV.Translate into English:
1.I se spusese ca vor ramâne fara munitie dar nu avrut sa creada.
2.stiau ca,daca vor purta pistoale,acestea vor fi descoperite cu ajutorul detectorului de metale.
3.si-au dat seama ca masina pilot va fi cea careia i se va permite trecerea.
4.Li s-a ordonat ca va trebui sa întocmeasca un plan de securitate în cel mai scurt timp posibil.
5.Ofiterul care se ocupase cu protocolul întelesese ca demnitarului nu-i va placea sa iasa prea mult în evidenta în timpul sederii acestuia în tara noastra.
6.Fusesera informati ca,în cursul zilei urmatoare,coloana oficiala se va îndrepta spre Muzeul de Arta, urmând un alt traseu decât cel prestabilit.
7.Desi fusesera informati ca planul de evacuare va trebui sa fie foarte serios luat în considerare, nimeni nu i-a dat prea multa atentie.
8.Au fost informati ca sunt necesare arme mai sofisticate pentru a nimeri o tinta asa de îndepartata.
9.Era foarte probabil ca gruparea terorista va încerca sa obtina informatiile prin mijloacele pe care le va avea la dispozitie.
10.stiau ca, la astfel de misiuni participa si o echipa care se ocupa de bagajele demnitarului.
I. Ask permission to:
turn down the radio
take a photograph of somebody
leave the window open
give somebody a lift
use somebody's lighter
II. Give or don't give permision to:
change the time of the meeting
2. show the letter to the police
3. record the conversation
give up the job
miss one lesson
III. Allow someone to:
attend the meeting
camp on the beach
establish the security perimeters
escort the protectee to the car
enter the building's lobby
IV. Ask someone whether you are obliged to:
brief the recruits on the drill
draft a measure plan
convene the bomb squad
initiate an investigation
use a cover name
V. Give advice as in the example:
Example: I feel tired and sleepy.
You should take a rest.
I feel depressed.
I can't give up smoking.
I find it difficult to concentrate.
I'd like to improve my English.
I must talk to my supervisor.
VI. Fill in the blanks, using modal verbs:
When he has passed his driving test, he . drive the tactical vehicle of our team.
Before they . begin to protect people from assassination, they need a basic understanding as to why people carry out assassinations and what general methods are used.
Therefore, they . identify the main causes of assassination and outline the basic methods in which they are carried out.
When the garage had repaired our car we . continue our mission.
The protective team grouped round the protectee so that he . pass through the crowd.
They took his passport so that he . leave the country. (negative)
If the agents are not careful, the suspect . flush out surveillance and the entire mission will be compromised.
People convicted of an offence . appeal.
. I see your passport, please?
. you be so kind to put your luggage on the metal detector's belt?
The countersnipers . always be in contact with the response team on the ground.
When a tyre is punctured the driver . change the wheel.
You . convene the bomb squad. (negative)
We haven't found any explosive device in the area.
All the personnel working in the contaminated area . wear protection equipment and badges.
"Clear the area! This device . work (negative) and we .. defuse the bomb."
They . ( stake out perfect negative) that house as it had ceased to be a safehaven for terrorists long before.
VII. Comment upon the following situations using may/might for possibility, must for deduction and can't/couldn't for negative deduction. Use the clues in brackets.
Example: The police are stopping all cars. (the escaped prisoner)
They must be looking for the escaped prisoner.
The members of this terrorist group have always used state-of-the-art equipment. (financial backing)
The suspect did not realize that he was filmed. (bag camera)
He is a real professional. (compromise the mission)
Although I have waited for him in the airport since noon, he hasn't showed up. (travel by train)
He managed to sneak in the house although the guards were ceaselessly patrolling. (special camouflage suit)
All the windows of the cell are barred. (the prisoner/escape)
VIII. Translate into English using modal verbs:
Când lucreaza pentru un atac planificat de grup, persoana care se ocupa cu identificarea tintei poate sau nu sa faca parte din echipa de atac.
Corpul de paza trebuie sa fie alert la identificarea tintei.
Este un mit ca teroristi sunt dispusi sa moara pentru cauza lor.
Pentru a avea posibilitatea sa se retraga în timp util, grupul terorist trebuie sa aleaga traseul si refugiul corespunzatoare.
Punctele obligatorii de pe traseu sunt locurile pe unde demnitarul aparat trebuie sa treaca atunci când circula din punctul A în punctul B.
Odata ce informatiile pentru corpul de paza au fost colectate, putem trece la etapa de procesare a acestora.
Corpul de paza trebuie sa ia masuri speciale în timpul acestei misiuni deoarece demnitarul aparat nu este foarte popular în zona si vizita sa ar putea fi perceputa ca o amenintare.
Acel agresor cu probleme psihice trebuie sa fi aratat perfect normal pentru ca altfel agentii l-ar fi reperat în multime.
Este imposibil ca aceasta casa sa fie un refugiu al teroristilor pentru ca echipele noastre au supravegheat-o constant în ultimele 6 luni.
Prin acest filaj, este posibil ca teroristii sa colecteze informatii cu privire la sistemele de paza folosite atât la resedinta, cât si de catre corpul de paza.
II. THE NOUN
Make up the plural of the following nouns:
Route, departure, high-risk, tail, gendarm, sniper, observer, security post, searching, envelope, surveillance, weapon, muzzle, assimilation, shooting line, tactical exercise, target, objective, observation post, lookout, attack, patrol, security plan, area, search, sharp-shooter, landing, running, track, sanctuary, shot gun.
Put the nouns in the right form.
a) ...was building up on the motorway as the fog got thicker (traffic).
b) Since the war, illegal..in weapons his grown (traffic).
Many...were displayed on the roof of the chalet (sniper).
The..wouldn t give up their mission even after they have been tortured (hostage)
The military .. Should be known by all the officers from the patrol(password)
The...couldn t surprise our commanders, because they had been warned before ( terrorist act).
The
prime minister s..was
not very careful when be visited
The waiting room was so full of people and their...there was nowhere to sit (luggage)
Repairing car engines is easy if you ve got the right.(equipment).
Correct any mistakes in these sentences or put OK if they are already correct
1.The island s politics is complex, with over twelve parties competing for power.
2. Gymnasts from over 40 countries
are competing in
3. Economics has become an increasingly popular course at university.
4. The latest news of the earthquake survivors are very disturbing.
5. Jim s politics has changed considerably since he was in his twenties.
6. Diabetes are an illness caused by too much sugar in the blood.
7. Recent government statistics show a sharp decline in crime.
8. Women s gymnastics are no longer dominated by eastern Europeans.
9. Statistics are now compulsory for all students taking a course in engineering.
10.Most years, over three hundred athletes competes in the games.
11. The economics of the plan is worrying investors.
12. Measles is still a fairly serious childhood disease in some countries.
The noun
Translate into English:
El stie raspunsul la aceasta problema.
Oamenii acestia sunt din nord.
Cu ,mintea ta si putina harnicie poti reusi.
Au servit orez în loc de cartofi.
Oamenii acestia s-au adunat pentru a rezolva o problema importanta.
Greutatile calatoriei pareau fara sfârsit.
Coloana oficiala se îndreapta spre Cluj.
soferul a fost pedepsit pentru neglijenta sa.
Laboratoarele acestui institut sunt bine îngrijite.
10.O organizare mai buna a muncii noastre în domeniul protectiei impune
eliminarea totala a actiunilor formale, a superficialitatii in instructie si
educatie.
11.Educatia multilaterala a tinerilor este în centrul preocuparilor noastre.
I.Translate into English:
1Perimetrul de siguranta a fost stabilit mult mai departe de obiectivul principal.
2.Tragatorii de elita sunt cei mai experimentati luptatori,antrenati pentru misiuni speciale.
3.Cele mai documentate actiuni de recunoastere fusesera întreprinse pe întreg teritoriul vestic al tarii gazda.
4.Cea mai proasta alegere pe care ai fi putut s-o faci ar fi fost sa renunti la
contract.
5.Vehicolul tactic avea o viteza mult mai mica decât masina principala care se afla în fata coloanei oficiale dar mult mai mare decât a masinii închizator.
6.Care este cel mai scurt drum pâna la cea mai apropiata statie de benzina?
7.Daca ai cheltui mai putini bani, ai economisi mai multa energie din cea pe care o consumi plimbându-te prin oras.
8.stiati ca tarcul presei va fi într-un loc la fel de apropiat de tribuna ca si cel în care vor fi dispusi ofiterii ce compun primul inel de securitate?
9.Masinile blindate care apartin politiei engleze sunt mult mai bine dotate mai rapide dar mai putin confortabile decât ale noastre.
10.Cel mai putin interesant punct de vedere fusese exprimat desoferul masinii pilot.
II.Rewrite these sentences using IT....(adjective) for/of.
Ex:She found it difficult to say good-bye.It was difficult for her to say good-bye.
1.You were very kind to come.It....
2.I think it's important that you take some exercise every day.It....
3.You were wrong to ride your bike across Mrs.Taylor's garden.It....
4.I think you were greedy when you took the last cake.It...
5.I find it unacceptable that newspapers publish this kind of story.It...
6.You were being careless when you dropped all those plates.It....
7.You don't need to have all those books at the start of the course.It...
III.Correct these sentences:
1.James is busy to prepare tonight's dinner.
2.We think unlikely that anyone survived the crash.
3.It is hard of him to accept that he was wrong.
4.His new film is really worth to be seen.
IV.Choose adjectives from the ones given bellow and and an appropriate preposition to complete the sentences.Give alternatives if possible.
afraid angry concerned pleased sorry
1.You realise I'm not ....you,don't you?It wasn't your fault.
2.I'm really .....the mistake,but I had problems with the computer.
3.You're looking very...... yourself! Have you won some money? 4.She was quite ......the decision and wrote a letter of complaint.
5.Small children can be very .....the dark.
6.I was .....the success of our money-raising efforts.
7.I feel so.....the parents of the children who were killed in the accident.
8.The government has become increasingly ........the dangerous levels of exhaust pollution in city centres.
9.When the fighting broke out, Sarah was ......her father who was in the capital city at the time.
10.Most of the newspaper seems to be....sport.
V.Complete the sentences with an appropriate comparative or superlative adjective.
Alike ; hot ; common ; likely ;complex ;simple ; confident ; wide ; forceful
1.Our new car is a little....than our old one, but still fits easily into the garage.
2.Her latest speech was strong and confident and some people now consider her to be the......figure in British politics.
3.Now that they had both had their hair cut, the twuns looked even .......
than usual.
4.Throughout the match, Barcelona looked the.....winners.
5.Scientists claim that oil pollution is now the.....cause of death among sea birds.
6.The last exam was quite easy and I began to feel ....about my results.
7.Another, ......., had to be designed to control the environment of the space station.
8.It's been the .....day in London for 35 years.
9.This exercise is too difficult.I think you should make it ......
I. Choose the suitable word in brackets:
(pleasant, pleasantly) We had a . time in London.
(clear, clearly) Jim spoke very . when he told us about that.
(slow, slowly) We drove . along the narrow road.
(pleasant, pleasanly) The man was smiling . at the boy.
(thorough, thoroughly) I cleaned the car . that very day.
(ready, readily) Dry wood burns .
(sad, sadly) His . eyes cleared when he heard the news.
(thorough, thoroughly) He is a . worker.
(harsh, harshly) Don't speak so .
(sad, sadly) The boy eyed the vanishing cake .
(true, truly) Very . yours, Linda Brown.
(harsh, harshly) I dislike his . voice when he speaks to the
children.
(happy, happily) The boy seemed . to see her mother.
(soft, softly) I touched the fur of the little animal which felt . under
my fingers.
(soft, softly) Yes, she said in a . voice.
(soft, softly) Yes, she said .
II. Put the adverbs below into the comparative of equality, inferiority and superiority:
She sang (beautifully) when she was young.
Bob spoke (fast) Paul.
He used to play the piano (badly) his mother.
Last month they travelled (little) we did.
Bill jumps (easily) Harry.
Mr. Smith speaks English (well) his wife.
Her house is (far) mine.
The cat crept into the room (quickly) the dog.
III. Use the best-suited form of the adverbs in brackets:
I used to see our colleague (often) he did.
He jumped across that fence (easy) than his brother.
She worked (hard) a man.
(Early) we begin (soon) we'll be ready.
You could have written a better paper if you had worked (carefully).
She speaks English (much) and (much) fluently.
John wants to work (hard) and (hard).
The woman screamed (awfully) when she saw a man breaking into her house.
IV. Choose the adverbs of quantity, measure, degree and appoximation in column B which may fill in the blanks in column A.
(The figure indicates the possible number of adverbs in column B which may be used):
A. B.
1. You will learn English if you try hard . (1) too
2. I'd . have a cup of coffee. (1) quite
3. I need . say how much I enjoyed the show.(1) tremendously
4. She was . tired to walk. (1) rather
5. Lucy is . beautiful than her sister. (1) enough
6. The boy slipped and . fell. (2) almost
7. He's . recovered. (5) exceedingly
8. I am . grateful to him for what he's done. (9) greatly
9. The girl is . pretty. (7) hardly
10. The old lady was . satisfied with her grandson. (7) nearly
fully
far more
V. Put the adverbs in brackets into the right place:
Have you seen the sea? (ever)
Is she at home in the morning? (always)
They speak German when they want their little boy not to understand them. (usually)
I'll forgive him. (never)
They are back from Italy. (just)
They were there when I came. (already)
The old woman was killed in the accident. (nearly)
They used to pay her a visit. (seldom)
It's pretty certain nobody will come out from town to see us. (ever)
He could remember every one of them. (almost)
The driver had swung down from his seat, and was seated on the
parapet . (already)
They had fallen asleep when the phone began to ring. (hardly)
VI. Put the adverbs and adverbial phrases in brackets into the right place.
He has played. (so, never, badly)
Are you going to stay? (next weekend, with us)
We meet. (sometimes, in the library)
We set off. (for Sinaia, on Wednesday, by car)
The coat looks as if it were big for him. (too, almost)
The teacher has heard him speak. (fast, so, never)
They left. (at six o'clock, yesterday, in the morning)
We have a drink. (usually, round the corner, in the little pub)
VII. Translate into English:
Agentul responsabil a iesit repede din masina pentru a-i deschide portiera demnitarului.
La fiecare post de control, bagajele invitatilor erau verificate cu atentie.
Este esential ca toti agentii sa înteleaga foarte bine tipul postului în care sunt numiti si responsabilitatile specifice acelui post.
Pentru ca un corp de paza sa opereze eficient, trebuie sa cunoasca foarte bine inamicul.
Agentii nu luasera înca legatura cu informatorul pentru a obtine informatii despre potentialul atentat.
În comparatie cu un grup terorist, un singur atacator cu probleme psihice nu este de obicei la fel de bine pregatit în ceea ce priveste planificarea anterioara.
Etapa de filare a tintei va avea loc întotdeauna, uneori chiar si cu foarte putin timp înaintea atacului.
În cadrul majoritatii gruparilor teroriste exista echipe care actualizeaza continuu informatiile cu privire la potentialele tinte, precum aeroporturile, teatrele, cladirile guvernamentale, pentru a evalua vulnerabilitatea acestor locatii.
În cele din urma, teroristii au fost ucisi în schimbul violent de focuri.
Odata ce am înteles cum opereaza teroristii si unde este cel mai
posibil sa atace, putem sa studiem organizarea corpurilor de paza în
vederea asigurarii sigurantei demnitarilor protejati.
V. PHRASAL VERBS
I. Translate into Romanian and notice some of the many possibilities of using up in a verbal phrase:
I am fed up with old cars.
They split up into two groups.
Look at the state of this room. What have you been up to?
I've given up playing chess. It takes up too much of my time.
Speak up, will you? I can't hear a word.
The house is in a shocking condition. The whole place needs doing up.
I'll bring that point up at our next meeting.
You needn't make up your mind straight away.
He walked so fast that I couldn't keep up with him.
I'll pick you up at the corner of the street.
The watchman was beaten up and left unconscious.
You must back your arguments up with solid facts.
He set up a new record for the mile.
I can't remember their phone number. I'll have to look it up.
Ring me up at ten o'clock.
Sorry we are late. We got held up by the traffic.
II. Translate into Romanian paying attention to the meaning of away and off:
Don't get carried away by your enthusiasm.
Slowly the sound of the drums died away.
You won't get away with an excuse like that.
I don't want this old umbrella. Throw it away.
They've done away
with compulsory Latin for university entrance at
We set off at dawn.
Shall we break off now and have some coffee?
At the last minute the trade-union called off the strike.
He was fined Ł 5. I think he was let off nicely.
We'll all come and see you off at the station.
III. Translate into Romanian paying attention to the meaning of in and out:
I shan't ask you in. The house is in a mess.
Someone broke in while they were away.
I think we must have run out of petrol.
I'll call in and see you later.
How often does that magazine come out?
He always gives in in the end and does what his friends tell him.
"I saw the house you've bought. When are you moving in?" "As soon as the other people move out."
Did the photos come out well?
Look out! The milk is boiling over!
I couldn't make out a word he was saying.
IV. Translate into Romanian paying attention to the meaning of on and down:
Do you know enough English to be able to carry on a conversation?
I'd like to take on the job when he retires.
It is essential for the country's economy for us to cut down imports.
Once she had got better, she began putting on weight.
The rebellion was put down ruthlessly.
It is a custom which has been handed down from generation to generation.
V. Fill in the blanks:
A treasurer must account .. the money he spends.
The men asked . more pay and shorter hours.
Unfortunately, the boss never backed . his team, and he always blamed failures on his subordinates.
I am . doing anything till the police arrive.
I am . keeping the crime scene just as it is until the police arrive.
The military exercise is . The soldiers can quit their posts and return to the barracks.
They blew . the bridges so that the enemy couldn't follow them.
The firemen had to break . the door to get into the burning house.
The situation calls . tact.
In countries where there is conscription men are called . at the age
of 18.
You are not meant to think for yourself; you are here to carry . my
orders.
Come . my office and I'll show you the maps.
We must cut . expenses or we'll be getting into debt.
They have cut . our water supply temporarily because they are
repairing one of the main pipes.
As the enemy advanced we fell .
VI. Translate into English using phrasal verbs:
Ai fost foarte tacut în ultima vreme. Ce pui la cale?
Razboiul civil a izbucnit acum doi ani din cauza politicii de purificare etnica a guvernului.
sedinta a fost anulata pentru ca s-a primit un telefon anonim care anunta ca urmeaza sa aiba loc un atac terorist asupra cladirii.
Când candidezi pentru o slujba, se presupune ca trebuie sa completezi mai multe formulare.
Serviciile de protectie trebuie sa descopere noi tactici de contracarare a atentatelor criminale pentru ca gruparile teroriste folosesc metode din ce în ce mai avansate.
Încerc sa sun la Londra dar nu pot sa prind legatura; cred ca liniile sunt ocupate.
Chiar daca unele misiuni erau foarte dificile si obiectivele pareau greu de îndeplinit, ei nu au cedat niciodata.
S-a lasat de fumat acum zece ani.
Agentii au continuat sa fileze cladirea, desi suspectii nu au aparut în primele doua saptamâni.
Dupa lovitura de stat, guvernul a trebuit sa predea puterea
insurgentilor.
Când a început razboiul, el s-a înrolat imediat.
Teroristii au oprit trenul amenintând cu armele si i-au tinut pe
pasageri ostatici.
Culegerea de informatii pentru corpul de paza este o activitate
interesanta, dar de multe ori periculoasa.
Directorul a trimis dupa mine si mi-a cerut o explicatie.
Oprim lucrul la ora 10, iar tura de noapte preia responsabilitatile
pâna în dimineata urmatoare.
SYNTAX
I. DIRECT/ INDIRECT SPEECH
Turn into indirect Speech:
1.Who is guarding the security post? asks the colonel while his eyes are scanning the area.
2.Have you seen the advance agent? asked the agent in charge.
No, I have just come, but I guess he must be searching the route, says the police officer.
3.I isolated the objective last week, said the special agent.
4.I'll receive some further details about the position of the motorcade in a minute, says the colonel.
5.Last month I noticed that the left rear was not very careful so there was a crack inside the protection, said the shift leader.
6.May I join the patrol, sir? Asked the jendarm
7.what's your cover name? Asked the commander.
8. I'm going to the range to practice the weapons at close range, said the major.
9.When does the motorcade reach the choke point? Asked the pre posted agent?
10. The presidential aircraft is
scheduled at 12.30 on the
III.14 As you turn the following sentences into indirect Speech replace the word said by one of the verbs at the head of the exercise:
|
Wondered |
Whispered |
Boasted |
|
Advised |
Suggested |
Claimed |
|
Complained |
Admitted |
Promised |
|
Threatened |
Agreed |
Apologized |
"I've made a mistake and I must pay for it," he said.
"Let's go to the seaside for the weekend," she said.
"I shall always love you", her fiancé said in a low voice.
"Well, yes. If we don't have the money, we can't carry out our project", he said.
"I'm really sorry. I completely forgot to bring the keys with me", he said.
"Talk on the phone to a shop that does repairs, and arrange for someone to call at your house", he said to his friend.
"The house you live in is my property", the man said.
"Our son treats us very badly, and always causes trouble", the parents said.
"Whatever happens, we'll always be here to give help", Mary's friends said.
"I've never failed in an examination", he said.
"If you don't bothering me, I'll call the police", he said to his neighbour".
!I'm self-employed; what are my chances of getting a mortgage ?", he said.
III.15. Turn into indirect Speech, using the reporting verbs at the head of the exercise:
|
Concered |
Announced |
Declared |
Stammered |
|
Explained |
Retorted |
Remarked |
Gasped out |
|
Insisted |
Cried |
Give us more money ! Give it to us now !, he said.
You have tried hard, indeed, he said to George.
The cumulative costs of the intimidation of thoughtful and critical men and women is something no society can afford, he said to George.
I tried calling earlier, but I couldn't get through, he said.
Jack has won the first prize, he said.
It's entirely your fault, she said.
Help ! Help !, he said.
.I ....didn't .mean to of-fend you, he said.
What a lovely garden !, he said.
I've just seen a ghost, he said.
Turn into Direct Speech:
He advised her to hurry up as he didn't want her to risk missing the train. She agreed and said that unfortunately she had the bad habit of cutting it fine. Looking at her watch, she was annoyed to find out that it was a quarter to four. She said the train left in twenty minutes. He suggested that they take a taxi. She agreed. He offered to carry her suitcase for her. She turned down his offer, saying that she could manage herself. When he suggested that they should meet the following Sunday, she agrees. He wanted to know what her name was. She refused to tell him her name.
At the railway station she asked the guard which platform the next Leeds train started from. The guard answered that half of the trains weren't running, because some of the drivers were on strike.
She asked him whether he intended to continue his studies abroad. He answered that he did and that he was going to apply for a student's loan. She wanted to know whether it was a loan for the next term and whose idea it had been. He said it was and that the idea had come from his brother, who had been working in a bank for some years. He added that he could repay the money with a summer job. She wanted to know about his financial situation right then and whether he was short of money. He answered that he wasn't and thanked her just the same.
I.Change the following into the passive voice:
1.They did not inform us.
2.The leader has made up the first ring of security.
3.Has the mechanic fixed the car yet?
4.They do not allow accesss to foreigners.
5.In case of an explosion,everybody should wear a gas mask.
6.They had ordered the dummy motorcade to go back to the airport.
7.John told them to take cover if necessary.
8.Did the rebels use homade expolsives?
9.Partisans blew up the railroad tracks.
II.Change the following sentences into the passive voice. Make the underlined words the subjects of your passive sentences.
1.Somebody will tell you how to get there.
2.They conspired against him and managed to rule him out.
3.The counter-surveillance agent has let us know that it is all clear.
4.They will set the safe heaven close to the down room.
5.The agent in charge is the one who decides the rules of the assignment.
6.Are they going to have fixed or moving surveillance?
7.The government has granted political autonomy to several provinces.
8.We can do nothing to avoid the checkpoints on the itinerary.
9.They had been warning the bomb squad about the possibility of an attack.
10.They will be using progressive surveillance to carry out the mission.
III.Put the verbs in the correct tense of the passive voice:
1.Four people(to repoirt) (to injure) in an explosion at a factory in Nottingham early this morning.
2.There was somebody behind them.I thought they (to follow).
3.A new school (to build) in this area.Work (to begin) last year,and the school (to expect) to open next autumn.
4.You should make sure (to give) the right change before leaving the supermarket,as mistakes cannot (to correct) afterwards.
5.They said the guests he was expecting (to give) V.I.P.treatment,as they(to recommend) by the State Governor.
6.Never before then such a tremendous power (to display) by a thunderstorm.
7.The spaceship (to man) by three astronauts, who (to select) from a great number of volunteers and (to train) adequately.
8.I realised that the wretched man (to drive) into a corner where he (to rough up) by three thugs, who wanted his money.
IV.Provide the correct passive voice form of the verbs in brackets:
Based on Pohl's grandiose estimates,Farben(1. to persuade) to construct the world's largest synthetic-fuel plant at Auschwitz, as well as the enormous Bunawerk, which(2. To design) to produce rubber out of coal.The inmates(3. to rent) out on a daily basis at a considerable profit to the S.S.In a country whose major shortage was labour, an unlimitted supply of workers(4. to place) at Pohl's disposal, and the Reichtsfuller's dream was that all German industry might one day(5. to consolidate) under the control of the S.S. Unfortunately, reality fell far short of these dreams.The rank and file of the S.S. had no experience in keeping Jews alive and little enthusiasm for the task.Neither the camp nor the system (6. to design) to provide a healthy work force, and their custometrs complained constantly of the low quality of the 'goods' that(to supply) to them.
V.Translate into English using passives:
1.Exista pericole deosebite care îl ameninta pe demnitarul caruia i se asigura
paza?
2.Grupul a intrat si mai mult în clandestinitate în urma actiunilor întreprinse în ultimul timp.
3.Traseele principale si secundare pe care va merge coloana vor fi cunoscute de masina pilot iar informatiile privind aceste trasee vor fi comunicate direct coloanei.
4.Vehicolul tactic ar fi trebuit inclus în grupul masinilor de rezerva,dupa parerea lor.
5.Planul de securitate ar fi fost modificat daca s-ar fi constatat ca prezinta neconcordante.
6.I se spusese vreodata sa conduca o alta masina decât închizatorul de coloana?
7.Li s-a spus sa se retraga întrucât au ramas fara munitie.
8.Emisiunile acestui post n-au mai fost bruiate de câtiva ani.
9.Atât masina de interventie cât si masina de sprijin vor fi aduse la garaj imediat dupa terminarea misiunii.
10.Nici armele la mica distanta nici cele la distanta nu erau prevazute în plan.
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
If I see him I (give) him a lift.
If you (put on) the safety, you will avoid accidents.
What will happen if my parachute (not open)?
If you (not go) away I'll send for the police.
If any ignition failures occur, you (have) to ask for the opinion of a specialist.
If we leave the car here it (not be) in anybody's way.
Unless you (adjust) the sighting device of the tactical machine pistol, you won't have a perfect visual of the target.
If I find your passport I (telephone) you at once.
Unless you are more careful you (have) an accident.
He'll be late for the train if he (not start) at once.
II. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
If I (know) his address I'd give it to you.
If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes.
You wouldn't have so much trouble with your car if you (have) it serviced regularly.
If he (clean) his windscreen he'd be able to see where he was going.
The whole machine would fall to pieces if you (remove) that screw.
If the recruits (practise) more, they would learn how to disassembly and assembly the carabine in a few days.
If terrorists (not have) the possibility to use weapons at a distance when assassinating someone, it would be much more difficult for them to escape afterwards.
If they were not political fanatics, they (not accept) this close-in method of assassination, as accomplishing the task might mean their own death.
Unless they (involve) suicidal body-bombs, the close-in methods of assassination would be easy to defend against.
I could get a job easily if I (have ) a degree.
III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
If he (not be) so far from the target, he wouldn't have missed it.
If the getaway car hadn't been the same model and color as the police vehicles, the terrorists (not withdraw) so quickly.
But for his quickness I (be) killed.
If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop).
If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what was missing.
He would have been arrested if he (try) to leave the country.
The agents (not compromise) the mission if they had obeyed the instructions of their boss.
If the terrorists (succeed) in breaking through the security perimeter, the life of the protectee would have been threatened.
If she had listened to my directions, she (not turn) down the wrong street.
Unless the demonstrators (penetrate) the police cordon, the law enforcement forces wouldn't have had to use tear gas and water cannons.
IV. Rephrase the following sentences so that the meaning will remain unchanged:
If he hadn't helped us, we shouldn't have been able to finish the work by now.
But for .
Considering all the dangers that threatenend his life , it is a miracle that he survived.
If one .
Without the Iranian financial support, that terrorist attack couldn't have succeeded.
If it .
As he was asked to state his intentions, we know what to do now.
If .
It would be good if the bomb squad could join our team on that particular occasion.
If only .
We could have done something if he had let us know about his decision.
If only .
V. Turn the sentences below into hypothetical statements:
We made inquiries, that's why we are so well-informed on the matter.
Since they know the area so well, they can travel without a map.
John's work is very difficult, that's why he is looking for a new job.
They didn't offer him a reasonable salary and so he didn't take the job.
This is thought to be an important issue, so we can't avoid discussing it.
You forgot to bring the key, so we can't go into the garage now.
VI. Translate into English:
Daca masina oficiala se opreste, membrii corpului de paza se vor aseza în formatie de protectie în jurul acesteia.
Membrii corpului de paza vor alcatui formatia de protectie în romb în jurul demnitarului aparat daca acesta se afla în afara masinii oficiale.
Daca ai fi citit instructiunile cu atentie, nu ai fi pus o întrebare gresita.
Nu ai avea atâtea accidente daca ai conduce mai încet.
Daca ai fi atins cablul electric, ai fi fost electrocutat.
Daca Serviciul de Informatii nu si-ar fi îndeplinit sarcinile atât de bine, poate ca atacul terorist ar fi reusit.
În cadrul misiunilor de contra-filare, atunci când trebuie sa neutralizati o activitate suspecta, daca fortele locale de politie nu sunt disponibile, luati în consideratie interventia cu ajutorul propriilor oameni.
Daca se tine o întrunire particulara, personalul de paza al cladirii poate acorda asistenta la verificarea invitatiilor la intrarea principala.
Daca în timpul actiunii de recunoastere se iveste o amenintare, agentul de informatii de recunoastere poate fi desemnat sa conduca o investigatie a acestei amenintari.
Daca l-ar fi gasit mai devreme, i-ar fi putut salva viata.
I. Select the correct form of the verbs given in brackets
Harris thought he (would buy; will buy) a new house soon.
Our friends asked us why the train (has not arrived; had not arrived) yet.
Fred admits that he still (has; had) little experience in this field now.
Ahe had to promise him that she (will help;would help) them.
The engineer claimed that he (agrees; agreed) with the others.
John didn't remember what he (told; had told) me the day before.
I didn't know that she (must; had to) leave at 5 o'clock.
We guess father (hasn't heard; hadn't heard) this news yet.
Did Jane tell you that she (is going; was going) to move to a new house?
We were sure that they (will come; would come) by the evening train.
The pupils already knew that the teacher (has corrected; had corrected) their papers.
I promised her that I (will lend; would lend) her the book after I (finished; had finished) it.
I am sure that Thomas (will come; would come) here when he (feels; will feel) better.
I wish I (know; knew) what the boys (are doing; were doing) there at the moment.
When I (leave; will leave) scholl next year, I (will learn; will have learnt) here for seven years.
When (did you see; have you seen) him last?
This time yesterday you (told; were telling) me how busy you (are; were) and what your plans for the future (are; were).
I explained that she (will be playing/would be playing) the piano at that time.
II.Complete the folloing sentences, using a clause:
1.Almost as soon as I joined the army......
2.We arranged to hire a car that.........
3.The surveillance detection team was sent into action before.....
4.They were speaking about the eradication of drug trafficking
when....
5.As soon as the tactical team reaches that area........
6.He objected that the intelligence advance agent.........
7.Had you guessed a breach of security..............
8.By the time the armoured car has arrived.............
9.No sooner had the motorcade got to the square than........
10.He declared that the light antitanc weapon............
III.Supply the correct tense(present; past tense; present perfect; past perfect; future)
1.As soon as she (to see )us,she (to stop) singing.
2.Why didn't you explain to them when you (to be) able to give them the money back?
3.Lest they (to get) hurt , they were told that they (to get cover) in the shelter.
4.Both the pilot car and the police lead car (to be followed) by the security car for half a mile when the traffic light (to turn red).
5.They (to decide) to set up a post here only after they (to be) told so.
6.They (to reach) a radio dead point the day before as we (to manage) to get in touch with them.
7.The four-agent detail (to be) agreed upon only after the protection officers (to meet). 8.The site-agent (to order) them to open fire if the case (to be) as such.
9.Next year he (to go) to London to study at the University but only after he (to finish) writing the novel he (to work) at now.
10.Before paper (to be) invented, people (to write) their thoughts upon various other material.
IV.Translate into English:
1.Raza de actiune armei va fi verificata de tragatorii de elita de îndata ce acestia vor achizitiona munitia necesara.
2.Actiunile de recunoastere ale trupei de antemergatori au fost întreprinse, ca de obicei, înainte ca demnitarul sa soseasca.
3.Vehicolul tactic va fi parcat în fata muzeului dupa ce vor avea permisiunea sefului misiunii.
4.Se stabilise ca traseul va fi hotarât de catre echipa de protectie.
5.De-abia dupa ce au ajuns în fata ambasadei ne-am dat seama ca trebuia sa le fi anuntat sosirea cu cel putin o saptamâna înainte.
6.Grupul de protectie a trecut la actiune dupa ce comandantul a dat ordine ferme.
7.Actiunile de recunoastere (advance work) au fost întreprinse înainte ca întregul grup sa soseasca în Bucuresti.
8.Nu l-am vazut de când a plecat din orasul nostru, dar stiu ca a stat în Franta din 1980 pâna în 1985.
9.Arata foarte surprins ca si cum nu mai auzise nimic înainte.
10.A venit sa ma vada, dar nu eram acasa, nefiind anuntat din timp, iar la întoarcerea mea, tocmai plecase sa se întâlneasca cu un alt prieten de-al lui, cu toate ca i-ar fi placut sa se sfatuiasca cu mine deoarece are mai multa încredere în mine decât în el.
.The structure of the American democratic society depends on the intimate association of the people with their chosen leaders.But the dissidents and the disaffected of either extreme, left or right, attempt to isolate the public figures from the people.In the face of impeded movement or attempts to embarrass, kidnap, or even assasinate them, many leaders have courageously continued to meet and communicate with the public.They do this despite demonstrations, threats of violence and assaults.Such violent incidents generate widespread fear.They endanger life. And they interfere with the conduct of businness and diplomatic relations.The rights of public and private officials must not be violated.Leaders must be able to communicare with the people.Leaders must be able to function freely and safely.One means of preventing or reducing exposure to violence and of increasing personal safety is through the provision of "protective services".
.U.S. Army commanders are responsible for protecting dignitaries and other high- risk individuals in the commanders' areas of responsibility.Commanders must be able to provide professional, personal protection, commensurate with the threat. The vulnerability of visiting dignitaries, designated high- risk persons or their families,and other persons needing personal protection must be offset. When threat condition or special conditions presenting a danger to an individual create a need for protective services , resources must be available. And they must be commited in a graduated response to provide sufficient personal protection to counter potential adverse action.
.One of the commander's principal resources to counter the possible danger to an individual is the presence of a protective services (P.S.) detail. A P.S. detail may be composed of USACIDC (U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command),M.P.(military police) or other law enforcement personnel. The detail provides an "enhanced response" to developed threats against persons within the commander's area of responsibility. Usually the P.M. is responsible for organising, training,equipping and maintaining the P.S. detail. Some installations may require a P.S. detail on a full-time basis. But a permanent detail is likely to be the exception rather than the rule. Most installations only require protective services on a part-time basis. And in some instances,such as when the secretary of defence visits an area of military responsibility, a local commander may only be requested to support the P.S. detail that accompanies the visiting dignitary. But all U.S. Army installations should have identified and trained personnel available for protective services when they are needed.
Specific missions and responsabilities are set by the nature of the circumstances.U.S. Army conduct of a P.S. missionis limited, in part, by H. N. (host nation) responsabilities, Department of the Treasury and Department of State authority, legal and political restrictions and appropriate regulations.Specific response capabilities are limited by the threat,by availability of resources such as personnel and equipment and by training time.Sometimes protective services are limited by the personal desires of commanders and protectees.P.S. operations in the army are divided into two categories:those conducted by USACIDC and those conducted by M.P. assigned to a local P.M. (provost marshal) office.
In a P.S. operation the main participants are the person being protected, known as the principal, and the P.S. detail.The P.S. detail has a detail leader (D.L.), a personal security officer (P.S.O.), an advance team,a protective team, a residence watch, a baggage team and such other security teams as may be required. Individual members of a P.S. detail may be involved in more than one element during a particular operation.Personnel being considered for P.S. assignments should be in excellent mental and physical condition.They should conform to established Army height and weight standards as prescribed in AR 600-9(Army regulation). They must be reliable, presentable in appearance, intelligent and articulate.They must qualify as expert on assigned weapons. A knowledge of police unarmed self-defence tactics is desirable. Knowledge of the principal's language, if foreign, is desirable but not essential; interpreters or translators are usually provided by the host.The candidate must be aware of the inherent dangers and adversities of the assignement. He or she must be willing to sacrifice personal safety to protect a principal at the risk of serious personal injury or even death.
Members of details must be thoroughly familiar with the protocol requirements, personality information and itineraries.And they must be fully briefed on all aspects of the mission.They must be able to act quickly and appropriately in an emergency situation.And they must be completely experienced in all aspects of P.S. operation.When adverse action is directed against a principal, it is the smooth, professional and organised actions of the P.S. detail that will most effectively counter the threat. Security personnel must be trained so well that, in an emergency, despite the excitement and the emotion involved, they will instinctivelly act correctly.Security personnel must be proficient in special techniques. They must be able to protect the principal when he is walking or traveling by motor vehicle, train, aircraft or boat.They must be able to protect the principal when participating at public assemblies.
. Although difficult, and in some cases impossible, PS details should ideally train together, much as special reaction teams and other small Army units do. Protection demands team work. A PS detail functions as a unit. Each person on the detail must be fully aware of his responsibilities and reactions as well as he can expect from his detail members. Currently, most PS training is not meant to team training. It is difficult for each Army agency to release five to seven people at a time because there are many other commitments that are also being met by these individuals. But once personnel are identified as part-time or full-time PS personnel, it is recommended that they train as a team to refine their individual skills and coordinate team work.
Of primary importance for a PS detail is the anticipated use of weapons. The employment of weapons is made with the following considerations in mind:
Availability of weapons
Threat analysis
Location of the mission
Desires of the chain of command
The employment of weapons must be consistent with established Army policy and with local and foreign laws. PS personnel armed with automatic weapons must have successfully qualified with these weapons. Supervisors must ensure that firearms training is well documented and made a matter of permanent record.
PS personnel are armed with a US Army sidearm. When required by the mission, they have access to riot shotguns, rifles, or automatic weapons. Riot agent grenades or dispensers are carried and protective masks are available for the official party and security personnel when threat conditions warrant.
USACIDC (US Army Criminal Investigation Command) agents are authorized to carry concealed weapons in the performance of their official PS and investigative duties in accordance with AR (Army regulation) 190-114. They must have a DA (Department of the Army) Form 2818 (firearms authorization) in their possession. MP (Military Police) who are authorized to carry concealed firearms in the performance of official duties have a great moral responsibilty to themselves, the principal and US Army.
PS personnel may be authorized to carry concealed firearms outside the US. But they must have prior approval from the country to be visited. Approval may be obtained through the US embassy or through official agencies of the host country. But the approval may be revoked at any time by the host country. After permission has been obtained from local authorithies, PS members may have to arrange to obtain their weapons from local US agencies in the host country. Or they may have to have the weapons delivered to them abroad the principal's official aircraft. If permission to carry weapons is not granted, guidance must be obtained from the local commander.
Aboard the aircraft, the weapon must be carried concealed or locked in a briefcase retained by the individual. Personnel carrying a concealed weapon aboard an aircraft must notify appropriate airline officials of the presence of the weapon before boarding. Federal law enforcement officers are exempt under 49 USC (US Code) from surrendering the weapon to the airline representative. However, final authority rests with the commander of the aircraft. Upon request, personnel must give up control of the weapon to the aircraft commander. Usually, when escorting the principal aboard an aircraft, the weapon is not surrendered; however, execeptions to such policies are governed by the circumstances of the mission. The weapon may be transported in locked luggage stowed in the baggage compartment in accordance with AR (Army Regulations) 190-14. The weapon must be unloaded.
When it is necessary to carry firearms aboard a military aircraft, prior coordination must be made with the appropriate flight commander, the operations officer or the pilot in command of the aircraft. PS detail members must be familiar with AR 190-28, which governs their use of firearms. All weapons must be used in accordance with these regulations: local, federal and foreign laws; and a mature judgement of the PS personnel. The response to firearms presented against the principal does not include members of the protective team returning fire. The returned fire may cause death or grivieous injury to innocent bystanders. PS personnel maitain a defensive posture and evacuate the principal from "the kill zone".There are situations when the immediate use of firearms is the proper response. This could occur in extreme circumstances. If the principal's vehicle is disabled in a cue zone of an ambush, a return fire is appropriate. If organized attack occurs by multiple assailants, return fire is appropriate.
It is generally agreed that any defensive actions taken by members of the protective team are undertaken for protective reasons or in self-defense rather than for law enforcement. In making this determination, one should consider if the subject constitutes a present or a continuing threat to the principal. Or circumstances may indicate that the subject may repeat the unlawful act that is considered to be a threat to the principal. When restraining the subject, only that force that is necessary to accomplish restraint is used. The incident is then immediately reported to the appropriate federal, state or local police or foreign authorities. And the subject is remanded to their custody. The action taken by the protective team must be shown to have been necessary under an emergency situation. The restraint used must have been minimal. And the restraint must have been only to the extent needed to deliver the subject to the custody of civil authorities. The action taken must have been in self-defense or to protect the principal. And the protection team must have acted properly in fulfilling their official responsibilities and statutory duties as officers of the federal government.
The goal of a S.P.P. mission is to protect the principal from all hazards. This includes hazards caused by personal design, accident or negligence. But absolute protection is never possible. Thus, the objective of an SPP detail must be to operate in a manner that minimizes the likelihood of an attack and its chances of success.
The "deterrence" offered by the presence of an SPP team is invaluable. If the protective force is alert and firm in dispatching its responsibilities, the apparent control will be evident. Cooperation on the part of the public usually follows. The acquired atmosphere of command frequently prevents the need for further action. Sometimes, ostentatious display of protective equipment and personnel is needed under some circumstances, such as in a combat zone or a hostile fire zone, to bolster the deterrent factor.
Every element of protection must be thoroughly planned in advance. Every act and movement of the principal and the protective detail must be scrutinized to ensure maximum security. All personnel must be well briefed on emergency procedures. They must be able to react instantly and correctly. Good preventive measures may save the life of the protector as well as the person protected.
Planning is critical to success. Every phase of protective mission must be carefully planned. The possibility of unexpected changes requires flexibility in planning such missions. Alternate and contingency plans should be prepared. They should cover such circumstances as bad weather, possible threats or any other actions that may affect the security of the principal. Coordination with the host agency as well as other persons involved in the visit is essential.
In all cases, advance work is a key to success. advance work is the coordination of all security arrangements before the arrival of the principal at any location being visited. For some missions, advance work is extensive and complex, while other missions may require less. The extent of the work depends on the threat, the availability of resources and manpower and the personal desires of the principal or the local commander.
As far as possible, protective personnel should adapt themselves to the convenience of the principal. They should avoid interferring with the principal's official or private functions. The protection must not unnecessarily interfere with the principal's freedom of action. His privacy must always be respected and every effort must be made not to embarrass him or interfere with his activities. Protective measures and pesonnel should always be as unobtrusive as circumstances permit.
The resources used to protect the principal depend on the duration of the principal's travels. They also depend on the kind of public exposure desired by the principal or required by circumstances. The modes of transportation used, the locations visited and the ideologies of the population with which the principal will have contact also influence resource use. So too does the analysis of inherent threats obtained during advance threat information collection. Support of local police is important. They may be integrated into the security in depth, and they can provide valuable threat information.
Release of personal information about the principal and other members of his party is closely controlled. Certain details of the itinerary and the security procedures to be employed are also closely controlled. Security personnel do not discuss or release this information to other than authorized persons. Particular care is taken with regard to representatives of the press. Release of information can affect the integrity of the mission. Current guidelines stress that the itinerary of a general officer is at least marked "For Official Use Only". It may be upgraded when needed.
Generally, SPP personnel wear clothing like that worn by the principal. Conservative business suits are appropriate when escorting a principal wearing a class A uniform. Unconventional styles or colours should not be worn during an SPP mission. Sports jackets and slacks of conservative cut and colour may be appropriate for informal occasions. Formal wear, such as a tuxedo may be required for the PSO (Personal Security Officer) and some members of the team. Sometimes, specialized clothing like swimsuits or ski clothing is needed. If not available, these items may be rented or purchased when specifically authorized.
The S.P.P. concept of personal security is based on the principle of "defense in depth". Coordination and flexibility are the watchwords to organizing a defense in depth. A series of protective cordons is established around the principal. The cordons are designed to prevent an attack or absorb its shock to such an extent that the results will not be tragic. They control the space above, below, and on all sides of the principal. Movement control within these cordons is normally established by an identification system. The system may use personal recognition, passes , badges or even unobtrusive lapel pins. The inner cordon should be manned by the P.S.O. and protective team members. This includes the shift leader on larger P.S. details. These people are those who have been school-trained and are experienced enough to occupy the positions of P.S.O. and shift leader.
The middle cordon should be manned by U.S.A.C.I.D.C. (U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command) or M P. personnel who have P.S. training offered in basic U.S.A.C.I.D.C. and M.P.I.(Military Police Investigator) courses and by local law enforcement personnel. The outer cordon should be manned by M.P. and local law enforcement personnel. This cordon comprises surveillance posts, such as observation posts, listening posts, sniper positions, static posts and response teams. These cordons are fluid in nature and must be flexible to adjust to the situation at hand. There are no defined areas for these cordons with regard to distance from one to the other. The distance between cordons is established on a case-by-case basis. It is based on the threat, location, crowd, personality of the principal and desires of the chain of command. The PSO or the DL (Detail Leader) will adjust the cordons to fit the situation. Sometimes, particularly overseas where there is shared responsibility between the US and the host nation governments, changes to the positions in these cordons are made.
The axiom "know the enemy" is basic to successful PS operations. PS details must vary the kind and degree of protection accorded to the principal to fit the kind and degree of danger presented by the threat. Sometimes, a principal desires a low-key security operation. Sometimes, it may be right to modify classic PS procedures to reduce the notice paid to the principal and his need for protection. At these times, a detail undertakes a low-profile operation. A low-profile operation employs only the protective measures that do not draw unnecessary attention to the principal. Such operations do not necessarily lessen manpower commitments, nor are they less costly. The protective coverage becomes more discreet, involves considerable planning and ingenuity and generally is more difficult to conduct than a high-profile operation. Often, the middle and outer cordons of protection are strengthened, allowing the inner cordon to be less obtrusive.
More and more US military personnel are being called upon to provide protective services in areas in which circumstances approach combat conditions. Such low-intensity conflict (LIC) situations require changes in the appearance of the PS operation. A change may only be the implementing of a dress code. Or it may mean an upgrading of weapon systems and the understanding of rules of engagement with hostile personnel. In areas outside US it is imperative that coordination be made with the US Embassy as well as the major military command responsible for the area. Diplomatic as well as military rules and guidelines differ from place to place. PS personnel planning to travel to a LIC area must know the ground rules before entering the area.
The relationship between the principal and the PS detail has a professional and definitive basis. Principals should be encouraged to recognize and respect the professional distance kept by the detail. Members of a PS detail must:
Keep all contacts with the official party formal. Detail members do not attempt to develop close relationships with the official party, nor do they accept favors from the official party.
Make all contacts with the official party through the PSO, except in emergencies.
Avoid presuming on protocol or escort prerogatives.
Avoid attracting notice, calling attention to themselves or trying to impress people.
Respect the principal's privacy. Whenever possible, detail members adapt themselves and the protection they provide to the convenience of the principal. They make every effort to avoid the interference with the principal's personal freedom.
Abstain from any activity which could reduce their mental or physical capabilities. Alcoholic beverages are not consumed for a minimum of eight hours prior to the execution phase of the mission.
The D.L. ( detail leader) establishes a close working relationship with the principal's staff and the project and protocol officer of the host agency. He obtains detailed itineraries, biographical sketches, protocol information, and any other protective type information. The mission D.L. discusses with host agency officials such matters as press policies and the amount of public exposure desired by the principal, funding considerations and any other matters of mutual concern. He establishes liaison with the staff of the officials involved, transportation agencies and civil and military police. He collects, evaluates, and disseminates threat information. He coordinates the utilization of available manpower and equipment resources. He reviews the security plan formulated by the advance team. He disseminates copies of the plan to appropriate agencies. During the execution phase of the mission, he supervises and provides guidance and leadership to participating subordinates. In the final review, he conducts a post-mission critique. And he supervises the preparation of the after-action report.
D.L.s have a responsibility to help detail members maintain peak performance. The long hours, day after day, of a P.S. operation, the requirement for prolonged absences from home, and the ever-present need to be constantly, mentally and physically fit, place tremendous stress on P.S. personnel. P.S. operations are jeopardized if a detail member suffers 'burnout' from being overstressed. Supervisors must understand and help control the stress in which detail members operate. Time off can be critical in controlling stress. Supervisors must make themselves available for guidance on matters of tact and good judgement. Normally, security personnel should not accept gifts. If gifts cannot be refused without offending the principal , they should be accepted and the D. L. notified. Under no circumstances should the feelings of the dignitary be offended. Supervisors must ensure that a brief written statement is prepared that gives the circumstances of acceptance, a description of the gift, and an estimate of its value.
The PSO is responsible for the close-in security of the principal and normally accompanies him whenever he is away from his residence. To ensure continuity, unity of efforts and control, the PSO is usually the only point of contact between the members of the PS detail and the principal and his staff. The PSO and the DL may be the same person. Upon initial contact with the principal, the PSO briefs him and his staff concerning the security arrangements. The PSO is prepared to discuss any areas of particular concern to the principal. It is essential that the PSO obtain the confidence, respect and cooperation of the principal as rapidly as possible. Close working relationship must be established between the PSO and the mission DL. This can be accomplished by communicating on a daily basis whenever necessary. While overall control of the mission remains the responsibility of the mission DL, it is imperative that the PSO be afforded adequate authority and sufficient freedom of action to accomplish his assignment.
On larger PS details, a shift leader is designated for a given protective team. He works for the PSO and is responsible for his shift of personnel. The shift leader position is useful where there are sufficient PS personnel assigned to a mission toward three eight-hour shifts. A shift leader is actually another management position to maintain maximum command and control. He is analogous to the squad leader in a typical army platoon.
Duties of the advanced team at each locality include but are not limited to establishing effective working relations with the host agency and conducting security checks of places and equipment with which the principal will be involved. The advance team coordinates with the commanding officer, the PM, the public affairs officer, the intelligence officer, the engineer, the transportation officer and the communications officer to:
Obtain a map or plan of the reservation or base showing the entrances, exits or docking area to be used by the official party.
Ascertain the availability of communications such as radios, telephones, and so forth.
Review the accommodations, that is food, refreshments, recreation facilities and the like.
Review jointly the security aspects of the activities that the principal will view or in which he will participate, such as reviewing troops, witnessing demonstrations and inspecting or examining devices and equipment.
When travelling with the principal, the residence watch and baggage team are normally part of the advance team. However, a residence watch functions at all times for a permanently located detail. The residence watch is normally responsible for the security of the residence. It also establishes the command post. It is responsible for organizing and coordinating security arrangements with the responsible individual from each facility under its charge. The residence watch also performs advance actions at hotels, motels and military reservations and facilities.
The protective team is normally composed of the PSO and the other members of the PS detail in the closest proximity of the principal. On larger details, the protective team would normally form a protective formation for routine walking movements around the principal. The protective team should remain close to the principal at all times, changing their relative position frequently. Security personnel must ensure that an assailant is unable to get between the principal and the protective detail. Before any person is allowed to approach the principal or his personal property, he should be checked to establish his identity and the authority for his presence.
In a majority of instances, the safety of a principal is most critical when he is among the public and walking through crowds, into buildings and to public events in which he will participate. If possible, the selection of walking times and routes should be varied. Accompanying PS detail members should be dispersed so they can cover all ways of access to the principal. They should continually adjust their relative positions to ensure that no attacker is able to get between the protectors and the principal. Escorting a principal requires being highly alert to surrounding areas. Particular emphasis is placed on people and crowds who are either participating in the event or are drawn to the area out of curiosity. Close-in security should be established immediately around the principal. Additional concentric cordons of defense are added to the greatest possible extent.
No two sites are exactly alike. Therefore, it is virtually impossible to establish a set of rules that will be completely applicable to all sites. There are however specific guidelines that must be applied to ensure that minimum acceptable standards are applied in each situation. PS personnel should refer to FM (Field Manual) when formulating the security plan. The intricacy of the plan depends on site configuration and the mission. Security plans must prescribe specific responsibilities for all actions required to protect the principal and the site. They must consider the need for personnel, materiel and vehicle control. They must also consider the use of protective alarms and devices.
Protective services during travel are designed for the method of transportation used. The DL or his designee contacts the appropriate transportation authority to obtain pertinent information needed for planning. Maximum personal protection during travel is the product of a comprehensive program. That program integrates the mode of transportation with security measures such as:
Varying daily routes.
Being alert to any changes in locality.
Developing defensive driving skills.
Being constantly vigilant.
Employing other measures, weapons and equipment.
Today, the Secret Service is authorized by law to protect: the President, the Vice President, (or other individuals next in order of succession to the Office of the President), the President-elect and Vice President-elect; the immediate families of the above individuals; former Presidents, their spouses for their lifetimes, except when the spouse re-marries. In 1997, Congressional legislation became effective limiting Secret Service protection to former Presidents for a period of not more than 10 years from the date the former President leaves office; children of former presidents until age 16; visiting heads of foreign states or governments and their spouses traveling with them, other distinguished foreign visitors to the United States, and official representatives of the United States performing special missions abroad; major Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates, and their spouses within 120 days of a general Presidential election.
Certain Secret Service protective methods are generally the same for all individuals protected. Permanent protectees, such as the President and the First Lady, have details of special agents assigned to them. Temporary protectees, such as candidates and foreign dignitaries, have details of special agents on temporary assignment from Secret Service field offices.
34. The Secret Service does not discuss methods or means in any detail, however generally speaking, the advance team surveys each site to be visited. From these surveys, the members determine manpower, equipment, hospitals, and evacuation routes for emergencies. Fire, rescue, and other public service personnel in the community are alerted. A command post is established with full communications facilities. The assistance of the military, federal, state, county, and local law enforcement organizations is a vital part of the entire security operation.
Before the protectee's arrival, the lead advance agent coordinates all law enforcement representatives participating in the visit. Personnel are posted and are alerted to specific problems associated with the visit. Intelligence information is discussed, identification specified, and emergency options outlined. Prior to the arrival of the protectee, checkpoints are established, and access to the secured area is limited.
35. Protective Research
During the visit, Secret Service and local law enforcement personnel form a network of support for members of the detail surrounding the protectee. The Secret Service command post acts as the communication center for protective activities, monitors emergencies, and keeps all participants in contact with one another. After the visit, agents analyze every step of the protective operation, record unusual incidents, and suggest improvements for the future.
Protective research is an integral component of all security operations. Agents and specialists assigned to protective research evaluate information received from law enforcement/intelligence agencies and a variety of other sources regarding individuals or groups who may pose a threat to Secret Service protectees. They review questionable letters and emails received at the White House and maintain a 24-hour operation to receive, coordinate and disseminate protection-related information.
36. Uniformed Division
The Secret Service Uniformed Division, initially a force comprised of a few members of the military and the Metropolitan Police Department, began formalized protection of the White House and its grounds in 1860. This unit was under the direction of the White House Military Aide until 1922 when President Warren G. Harding prompted the establishment of a White House Police Force.
It was not until 1930, after an unknown intruder managed to walk into the White House dining room, that President Herbert Hoover recognized the need for the White House Police and the Secret Service to join forces. President Hoover wanted the Secret Service to exclusively control every aspect of Presidential protection; therefore, Congress placed the supervision of the White House Police under the direction of the Chief of the Secret Service.
37. In 1970, Public Law 91-217 expanded the role of the White House Police, newly named the Executive Protective Service, to include protection of diplomatic missions in the Washington, D.C.,area. Congress later added the protection of the Vice President's immediate family to the Executive Protective Service's growing responsibilities in 1974.
After several name revisions, the force officially adopted its current name, the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division in 1977. While protection of the White House Complex remains its primary mission, the Uniformed Division's responsibilities have expanded greatly over the years.
They now protect the following:
- the White House Complex, the Main Treasury Building and Annex, and other Presidential offices; the President and members of the immediate family; the temporary official residence of the Vice President in the District of Columbia; the Vice President and members of the immediate family; and foreign diplomatic missions in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area and throughout the United States, and its territories and possessions, as prescribed by statute.
Officers of the Uniformed Division carry out their protective responsibilities through special support units (Countersniper, Canine Explosive Detection Team, Emergency Response Team, Crime Scene Search Technicians, Special Operations Section, Magnetometers) and a network of fixed security posts, foot, bicycle, vehicular and motorcycle patrols.
38. MISSION STATEMENT
The United States Secret Service is mandated by the U.S. Congress to carry out two distinct and significant missions: protection and criminal investigations. The Secret Service is responsible for: the protection of the President, the Vice President, and their families, heads of state, and other designated individuals; the investigation of threats against these protectees; protection of the White House, Vice President's Residence, Foreign Missions, and other buildings within Washington, D.C.; and security design, planning, and implementation at designated National Special Security Events. The Secret Service is also responsible for the enforcement of laws relating to counterfeiting of obligations and securities of the United States, investigation of financial crimes including, but not limited to access device fraud, financial institution fraud, identity theft, computer fraud, telecommunications fraud, and computer based attacks on our nation's financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure.
39. What is the origin of the U.S. Secret Service?
The U.S. Secret Service, one of the nation's oldest federal investigative law enforcement agencies, was founded in 1865 as a branch of the U.S. Treasury Department. The original mission was to investigate counterfeiting of U.S. currency. It was estimated that one-third to one-half of the currency in circulation at that time was counterfeit. In 1901, following the assassination of President William McKinley in Buffalo, New York, the Secret Service was assigned the responsibility of protecting the President. Today, the Secret Service's mission is two fold: protection of the President, Vice President and others; and protection of our nation's financial system.
40. How does the Secret Service "protect" the President?
The Secret Service strives to maintain a safe environment for the President and other protectees. To accomplish this task, the Secret Service calls upon other federal, state and local agencies to assist on a daily basis. For example, when the President is at the White House, the Secret Service Uniformed Division, the Metropolitan Police Department, and the U.S. Park Police patrol the streets and parks nearby. The Secret Service Technical Security Division regularly consults with experts from other agencies. The military supports the Secret Service through the use of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and communications resources. When the President travels, an advance team of Secret Service agents works with the host city and state law enforcement and public safety officials to jointly establish the security measures needed to protect him.
41. What legal authority and powers do Secret Service agents have?
Under Title 18, Section 3056, United States Code, agents and officers of the Secret Service can carry firearms; execute warrants issued under the laws of the United States; make arrests without warrants for any offense against the United States committed in their presence, or for any felony recognizable under the laws of the United States if they have reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed such felony; offer and pay rewards for services and information leading to the apprehension of persons involved in the violation of the law that the Secret Service is authorized to enforce; investigate fraud in connection with identification documents, fraudulent commerce, fictitious instruments and foreign securities; perform other functions and duties authorized by law. The Secret Service works closely with the United States Attorney's Office in both protective and investigative matters.
42. How many people are employed by the Secret Service?
The Secret Service employs approximately 2,100 special agents, 1,200 Uniformed Division officers, and approximately 1,700 other technical, professional, and administrative support personnel. The Secret Service Uniformed Division is a uniformed force whose members protect the White House Complex, the Vice President's residence and foreign embassies and missions in the Washington, D.C.,area. Members of the Uniformed Division also perform other missions in support of the protection of the President, such as operating magnetometers, countersnipers, canine handlers, and special operations posts. The Secret Service has agents assigned to approximately 125 offices located in cities throughout the United States and in select foreign cities. To locate the Secret Service field office nearest to you, please consult the inside cover of your local telephone directory. Visit our Employment Opportunities page.
43. What kind of training do Secret Service agents receive?
Secret Service agents receive the finest law enforcement training in the world. New agent trainees are initially sent to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, Glynco, Georgia, where they are enrolled in the Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP). This 9-week course, designed to train new federal investigators in such areas as criminal law and investigative techniques, provides a general foundation for the agency-specific training to follow.
Upon successful completion of CITP, new agent trainees attend the 11-week Special Agent Training Course at the Secret Service Training Academy, Beltsville, Maryland. This course focuses on specific Secret Service policies and procedures associated with the dual responsibilities of investigations and protection. Trainees are provided with basic knowledge and advanced application training in combating counterfeiting, access device fraud and other financial criminal activity, protective intelligence investigations, physical protection techniques, protective advances and emergency medicine. The core curriculum is augmented with extensive firearms training, control tactics, water survival skills and physical fitness.
44. Secret Service agents receive continuous advanced training throughout their careers. Agents are regularly provided with specialized training. In part, this training consists of regular firearms requalifications and emergency medicine refreshers. Detail agents also participate in unique simulated crisis training scenarios called "AOP" or Attack on Principal. These exercises present agents with a variety of "real world" emergency situations involving Secret Service protectees and are designed to provide agents with immediate feedback concerning their response to the problems.
Agents assigned to offices in the field have the opportunity to acquire advanced training in the area of criminal investigations. Courses such as Fundamentals of Banking, Advanced Access Device Fraud, Questioned Documents, Undercover Operations, Telecommunications Fraud and Financial Institution Fraud are generally offered at the Secret Service Training throughout the year. Agents also are encouraged to attend training sessions sponsored by other law enforcement agencies.
All Secret Service agents participate in a wide variety of management and individual development courses. Ethics, Diversity, Interpersonal Awareness, Practical Leadership and Introduction to Supervision are a small sampling of the topics currently offered to all personnel of the Secret Service.
45. What is the difference between special agents and Uniformed Division officers and what are the qualifications for those positions?
Secret Service special agent's duties include both investigation and protection. Special agents investigate financial crimes such as: counterfeiting of currency; false identification; credit and debit card fraud; computer fraud; forgery or theft of U.S. Government checks, bonds or other securities; telecommunications fraud; and certain other crimes affecting federally-insured financial institutions.
The protective responsibilities of special agents include protection for the President, Vice President and their families; former Presidents and their spouses; children of former Presidents until age 16; visiting heads of state or government; major Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates and their spouses; and other individuals at the direction of the President.
46. To qualify for the special agent position, an applicant must be a U.S. citizen and be less than 37 years of age when appointed. Applicants must have [1] a bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university; or [2] 3 years of work experience in the criminal investigations or law enforcement fields that required knowledge and application of laws relating to criminal violations; or [3] an equivalent combination of education and related experience. However, degrees in law enforcement, criminal justice accounting, foreign languages, and computer science may be beneficial. Before being considered for a special agent position, candidates must pass the Treasury Enforcement Agent Examination or the U.S. Marshall's Enforcement (1811 Series Eligibility) Examination. Candidates may apply at a branch of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management or at the nearest Secret Service field office. A limited number of the most qualified applicants will receive a series of in-depth interviews. These candidates must successfully complete a polygraph examination, a physical, an eye test (20/60 correctable to 20/20 is required) and participate in a drug-screening program as a condition of employment.
47. The Secret Service Uniformed Division is often compared to a police force. However, unlike a police force, Uniformed Division officers have one mission--protection. They provide protection for the White House Complex, the Main Treasury Building and Annex and other Presidential offices; the President and members of the immediate family; the temporary official residence of the Vice President; the Vice President and members of the immediate family; and foreign diplomatic missions in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. They accomplish their responsibilities through special support programs such as countersniper teams, canine units, and emergency response teams. In addition, they use a network of foot patrols, vehicular patrols, and fixed posts.
To qualify for the Uniformed Division officer position, an applicant must be a U.S. citizen and be at least 21 years old and less than 37 years of age when appointed. Applicants must have a high school diploma or equivalent. A college degree is not required, although a significant number of officers have college degrees. Applicants must pass a written test and will receive a series of in-depth interviews. These candidates must successfully complete a polygraph examination, a physical, an eye test (20/60 correctable to 20/20 is required) and participate in a drug screening program as a condition of employment. Applicants must be willing and able to relocate to the Washington, D.C. area; reasonable moving expenses may be paid for out-of-area hires.
48. What is the career path for a special agent?
Secret Service special agents receive an intensive 10 weeks of training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, Georgia. They then continue their training for an 11-week Special Agent Training Course at a Secret Service training facility in Maryland. There, agents receive advanced training in areas such as: protection, investigations, firearms, water safety, physical training, and defensive driving.
Secret Service special agents spend their first 6 to 8 years on-the-job assigned to a field office. After their field experience, agents are usually transferred to a protective detail where they will stay for 3 to 5 years. Following their protective assignment, many agents return to the field, transfer to a headquarters office, a training office, or other Washington, D.C.,-based assignment. However, promotions will affect the typical career path. An agents working hours depend upon the assignment. Generally, an agent can expect to travel a lot and do some shift work. Throughout, their career agents continue their training.
49. How long do former presidents receive Secret Service protection after they leave office?
In 1965, Congress authorized the Secret Service (Public Law 89-186) to protect a former president and his/her spouse during their lifetime, unless they decline protection. Congress recently enacted legislation that limits Secret Service protection for former presidents to ten years after leaving office. Under this new law, individuals who are in office before January 1, 1997, will continue to receive Secret Service protection for their lifetime. Individuals elected to office after that time will receive protection for ten years after leaving office. Therefore, former president Clinton will be the last President to receive lifetime protection.
Title 18, Section 3056 of the U.S. Code states, "The United States Secret Service is authorized to protect former presidents and their spouses for their lifetimes, except that protection of a spouse shall terminate in the event of remarriage unless the former president did not serve as president prior to January 1, 1997, in which case, former president and their spouses for a period of not more than ten years from the date a former president leaves office, except that protection of a spouse shall terminate in the event of remarriage or the divorce from, or death of a former president; and should the death of a president occur while in office or within one year after leaving office, the spouse shall receive protection for one year from the time of such death.
Children of a former president who are under 16 years of age for a period not to exceed ten years or upon the child becoming 16 years of age, whichever comes first."
50. How can I protect myself against credit card fraud?
It is critical that you notify your bank or credit card company immediately if you lose your card. It may prevent someone else from using it illegally. Remember to get your card back after purchasing goods or services. Do not leave the card in hotel rooms or unnecessarily exposed for long periods of time. The number can be copied even if the card is not taken.
Retain all carbon copies of your receipts when making a purchase and retain receipts from ATM withdrawals. If you don't get a billing statement on time, notify the credit card issuer immediately. Check billing statements carefully upon receipt to make sure all charges are yours. Errors or changes that don't belong should be reported as soon as possible.
51. Do not put your credit card account number on checks used to pay your monthly bills. The credit card agency can always trace your check through your name/address information from your check.
Retain copies of receipts to check against billing statement. Be careful when disposing of materials and correspondence relating to your finances. Shred all receipt carbon copies to make sure your credit card number is unrecognizable. Do not throw away canceled checks, financial statements or letters offering pre-approved credit cards where others can easily find them.
Promptly destroy all old cards or cards you no longer use. Cut them in half and make sure the card number is unrecognizable.
52. Secure your mailbox. Obtain a lock, if necessary. If you receive mail through an apartment house clusterbox arrangement, make sure the locks for the panel and your box lock correctly.
When applying for a credit card, check the return address. If there is a sticker with a return address placed on the application, contact the card issuing company to verify the correct address.
Do not give your card number to anyone calling on the telephone offering you prizes or gifts.
Do not write your card number on a postcard notifying you that you have won a prize or gift and requesting the number as part of the award arrangements.
Do not leave gasoline credit card receipts at the pump. They contain your credit card number.
Translate into Romanian:
The United States is a sport-loving nation. Sports in America take a variety of forms: organized competitions, which draw huge crowds to cheer their favourite team to victory; athletic games, played for recreation anywhere where sufficient space is found; and hunting and fishing. Most sports are seasonal, so that what is happening in sports depends upon the time of the year.
Baseball is the most popular sport in the U.S.A. It is played throughout spring and summer. Football is the most popular sport in autumn. The game is not the same as European football. In American football there are eleven players on each team and they are dressed in padded uniforms and helmets because the game is rough. Swimming, water-skiing, are very popular summer sports. In winter, ice-skanting, skiing and hockey gather together crowd of supporters.
Translate into English:
Ceea ce poate sa intereseze, în zilele noastre, într-o calatorie, este daca ai patit ceva. Asta e tot. Nu toata lumea o pateste, iar patania e un subiect de un interes omenesc etern. Nu stiu daca ai observat, dar patania ca atare constituie unul dintre putinele lucruri care îi fac pe oameni sa se adune între ei. Iar unii literati îsi închipuie ca simplul fapt ca au fost la Roma ori la Venetia, poate sa constituie un motiv de interes pentru cel care nu are banii necesari, sau posibilitatea, sau nu e în situatia sa faca si el drumul respectiv.
În zilele noastre, se stie însa ca drumurile acestea se pot face, iar o povestire a voiajului, în care nu se spune altceva decât ceea ce ai vazut, e fara rost- Cu 100 de ani în urma, un voiaj era o aventura, se calatorea greu, apareau mai întotdeauna patanii pe care merita sa le povestesti. Dar în zilele noastre totul este aranjat, camera la hotel esre retinuta, itinerarul stabilit din timp, avionul nu se prabuseste.
Iar daca, totusi, se prabuseste, asta e ceva care nu intra în regula jocului; când se întâmpla o asemenea nenorocire, nu supravietuieste nimeni care sa poata scrie despre ea.
II. Translate into Romanian:
One of the great problems of present times is the rapidly increasing world population. The population of the world today has exceeded fivebillion people, but the number is not so important as the high rate of increase.The explosion of population raises complex problems concerning the quality of life of milions of people: their food, the resources of energy, education, health services, urbanization, pollution of the envitonment. The urbanization proces is characteristic of modern life all over the world but it is moving much faster in the developing countries. Large cities offer a wider choice of jobs, better food and health services, educational opportunities and entertainments. At the same time, the rapid spreading of urban living is linked to overcrowding, pollution, noise and the shock of adaptation to new living conditions. The differences between developed and developing countries concerning the quality of live have not been diminished. It is therefore essential that the various world plans of action (for food, water, environment etc.) ellaborated by the international organizations should be put into force in a near future. The population explosion points to the necessity of international obligations, humaneness and solidarity.
Translate into Romanian:
The extraordinary development of cities within the last thirty years has faced town planning with the complex problem of adapting old urban conceptions to modern standards of living. Architects and engineers have had enormous difficulties in integrating the old with the new and in keeping the pace with the growing demand for housing estates, transport facilities, recreation areas, educational establishments. Most of the large cities are now faced with the same problems as to the quality of life they may offer: on the one hand they offer more opportunities, social services and entertainments, but on the other hand, people have to face overcrowding, noise and pollution.
The building of new towns is one of the characteristic phenomena in the post-war period. Most of them are a consequence of industrial development and the necessity to relieve the congestion of great cities. In these new urban centres, the shopping areas have been planned on the all-pedestrian principle with traffic roads surrounding them and plenty of parking areas.
Translate into Romanian:
Travelling into space - first a dream, then a possibility and finally an achievement - illustrates man s wish to know more, the wonderful resource of his mind and his impressive will to succeed. The outstanding progress of science and technology and the efforts of a large number of men of science have made space travelling possible.
Almost every day newspapers, radio or television supply information about space programmes carried out by different countries, but mainly by the USA. Important research centres concentrate their activity on solving the problems connected with space travel, such as: better and faster spaceships, adaptation of man to long-distance space flight, a more powerful fuel. A new profession is born out of the progress achieved in space investigation: spaceman. People who decide to take up this profession must meet certain requirements of age, education, flight time.. None of the great strains which a spaceman has to face must be overlooked: weightlessness, air-pressure, solitude etc.
The training is long and difficult. A spaceman must learn to understand the spaceship (most of the spacemen are qualified engineers) and its complex instruments, to work in special circumstances. Travelling into space requires long training, interest in science, discipline and courage.
Translate into English:
Dezvoltarea industriala din ultimul timp a schimbat atât de mult Oxford-ul, încât Cambridge-ul, un oras cu o frumoasa arhitectura, este acum mult mai frumos. Armonia lui a fost putin alterata de firmele magazinelor de cinematografe etc. În ceea ce priveste numele de Cambridge, unii oameni de stiinta considera ca originea lui este cuvântul latinesc Camborium. Se spune ca aceasta universitate a fost creata dupa instructiuni primite din partea manastirilor din Paris. La început, cuvântul Universitas a însemnat un grup de persoane, o corporatie, apoi o breasla a studentilor sau a profesorilor, nu o cladire în care se audiau cursuri. Istoricii Oxford-ului pretind ca în 1209 a existat o razvratire în oras si ca multi studenti au fost nevoiti sa paraseasca Oxford-ul; ei s-au dus la Cambridge si au format acolo un prototip de Universitate. Primul fondator al unui colegiu, în sensul de astazi al cuvântului, a fost Walter de Merton din Oxford care, în 1264, a redactat statutul pentru activitatea de fiecare zi a învataceilor lui.
Translate into Romanian:
Some young soldiers who had recently joined the army were being trained in modern ways of fighting, and one of the things they were shown was how an unarmed man could trick an armed enemy and take his weapon away from him. First one of their two instructors took a knife away from the other, using only his bare hands; and then he took a rifle away from him in the same way. After the lesson, and before they went on to train the young soldiers to do these things themselves, the two instructors asked them had been shown. One of the question was this: "Well, you now know what an unarmed man can do against a man with a rifle. Imagine that you are guarding a bridge at night, and that you have a rifle. Suddenly you see an unarmed enemy soldier coming towards you. What will you do ?" The young soldier who had to answer this question thought carefully for a few seconds before he answered, and then said, "Well, after what I have just seen, I think that the first thing I would do would be to get rid of my rifle as quickly as I could so that the unarmed enemy soldier couldn t take it from me and kill me with it !"
Translate into English:
Stimati oaspeti ! Pentru ca sejurul dumneavoastra sa fie cât mai placut, hotelul nostru va ofera prompt si în conditii optime urmatoarele servicii, în mod gratuit:
încarcarea, descarcarea si transportarea bagajelor;
pastrarea bagajelor;
seifuri pentru pastrarea obiectelor de valoare;
comenzi pentru taxiuri;
procurarea de bilete pentru spectacole, contra cost;
spalatul si calcatul lenjeriei;
curatatul si calcatul îmbracamintei;
curatatul si lustruitul încaltamintei;
închirieri de automobile (cu sau fara sofer);
telefon: convorbiri locale, interurbane, internationale;
închirieri de jocuri: sah, table, remi, carti de joc etc.
servicii speciale.
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