The tenses
1.Present tense simple
Definitie: prezentul simplu desemneaza un eveniment care se intampla simultan cu momentul vorbirii sau care include momentul vorbirii.
We use present simple:
when we
talk about permanent situations or about activities that happen regularly(I
live in
when we talk about series of actions and events that are completed as we speak(Firs I mix the butter with the sugar than I break 5 eggs into it.)
when we ask for and give directions(How do I get to the Post Office?)
The auxiliary verb specific for the present simple is TO DO.
Affirmative:S+V(I am here)
Negative:S+DO+NOT+V(I am not here)
Affirmative questions:DO+S+V?(Are you here?)
Negative question:DO/DOES+NOT+S+V?(Aren't you here?)
2.Present tense continuous
We use present continuous:
when we talk about temporary actions and situations that are going o 131b16b n around now: before, during and after the moment of speaking(What are you doing?)
when we talk about developing and changing situations(The weather is getting colder.)
when we talk about future actions or event that have been planned or decided(I am going on a trip.)
The auxiliary verb specific for the present continuous TO BE
Affirmative:S+TO BE+V-ing(I am eating a cake.)
Negative:S+TO BE+NOT+V-ing(I am not eating a cake.)
Affirmative question:TO BE+S+V-ing?(Are you eating a cake?)
Negative question :TO BE+NOT+S+V-ing?(Aren't you eating a cake?)
3.Past tense simple
Definitie: past tense, aspectul simplu desemneaza un eveniment definit care a avut loc pe axa trecutului si evenimentul este amintit in momentul prezent.
The auxiliary verb specific for the paste tense simple is TO DO (second form)
Affirmative:S+TO DO(second form)+iregular V(second form)/ regular V(short infinitive+ed)(I went there.)
Negative :S+TO DO(second form)+NOT+V(I didn't go there.)
Affirmative question: TO DO(second form)+S+V(short infinitive)(Did you go there?)
Negative question: TO DO(second form)+NOT+S+V(short infinitive)(Didn't you go there?)
Typical time expressions:yesturday / two weeks ago / last week,year / that day.
4.Past tense continuous
Definitie: arata o actiune care s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada de timp bina definita din trecut sau in acelasi tim cu una sau mai multe actiuni tot din trecut.
The auxiliary verb specific for the paste tense continuous is TO BE (second form)
Affirmative:S+TO BE (second form)+V-ing(I was reading the newspaper when he came.)
Negative:S+TO BE (second form)+NOT+V-ing(I wasn't reading the book when he came.)
Affirmative question: TO BE (second form S+V-ing?(Where you reading the book when he came?)
Negative question: TO BE (second form NOT+S+V-ing?(Wheren't you reading the book when he came?)
5.Prezent perfect simple
Definitie: il folosim pentru a exprima o actiune care a fost exercitata in trecut dar care nu este definita in timp si are o anumita legatura cu prezentu sau se intampla in prezent.
We use the present perfect simple :
when we want to say that a finished action or event is connected with the present in some way(I have read Robin Hood.)
to give news of recent events(There has been a
strike at the car factory in
for past events when we are thinking of a period of time continuing up to the present; with indefinite time adverbs that men "at some time up to now", like ever, before, never, yet, already.(Have you ever been abroad?)
to say something has happened several times up to the present (She has written two books of poems since 1992.)
to say how often something has happened(I have rang four times today.)
Typical time expressions: just, ever, never, often, seldom, sometimes, already,since, for.
The auxiliary verb specific for thepresent perfect simple is TO HAVE.
Affirmative:S+TO HAVE+V(third form)(I have been there.)
Negative:S+HAVE+NOT+V(third form)(I haven't been there.)
Affirmative question:HAVE+S+V(third form)(Have you ever been there?)
Negative question:HAVE+NOT+S+V(third form)(Haven't you already been there?)
6. Prezent perfect continuous
Definitie: il folosim pentru a exprima o actiune care a inceput in trecutul apropiat si care se continua si in momentul vorbirii.
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about activities thar started in the past and ar still going on, or have just stopped and have present results.(He has been studying Italian for six months.)
Affirmative:S+HAVE/HAS+BEEN+V-ing
Negative: :S+HAVE/HAS+NOT+BEEN+V-ing
Affirmative question:HAVE/HAS+S+BEEN+V-ing
Negative question:HAVE/HAS+NOT+S+BEEN+V-ing
7.Future tense simple
Definitie: il folosim cand vrem sa exprimam o actiune care se va intampla in viitor.
We use future tense simple when we want to expres an action that will be perfomed in the future.(We will go there.)
Affirmative:S+WILL+V
Negative:S+WILL+NOT+V
Affirmative question:WILL+S+V?
Negative question:WILL+NOT+S+V?
1.The personal pronoun
Nominativ
I - eu I went there.
You - tu You wrote a letter.
He - el He called me.
She - ea She saw me.
We - noi We went to school.
You - voi You wrote the homework.
They - ei They were singing a song.
Acuzativ
Me - pe mine He called me.
You - pe tine They listened to you.
Him/her - pe el,ea Have you heard him?
Us - pe noi Have you seen us?
You - pe voi We didn't listen to you.
Them - pe ei He informed them.
Dativ
To me - mie He gave me a book.
To you - tie I lent you a pencil.
To him/her - lui/ei I wrote him a letter.
To us - noua He bought us come flowers.
To you - voua I gave you the homework.
To them - lor I made them a cake.
2.The posesive pronoun
mine - al meu That book is mine.
Yours - al tau The bike is yours.
His/hers - al lui/ei The letter is his.
Ours - al nostru The pencil is ours.
Yours - al vostru The newspaper is yours.
Theirs - al lor The car is theirs.
3.The demonstarative pronoun
this- acest, aceasta This is my car.
That - acel, aceea That is my house.
Those - acei, acele Those are my friends.
These - acesti, acestea These are my pictures.
4.The indefinite pronoun
each - fiecare
every - fiecare
everybody - toti
everyone - fiecare
everythig - tot
all - tot
one - unul
another - un altul
other - altul
the other - celalalt
the others - ceilalti
both - amandoi
either - oricare
neither - nici unul dintre
several - cativa
much - mult
many - multi
a little - putin
a few - putini
some - ceva
someone - careva
somebody - cineva
somethig - ceva
any - oricare
anybody - cineva
anyone - careva
anything - ceva
nobody - nimeni
no one - nici unul
nothing - nimic
Each received the present.
Everybody went to see him.
Everyone likes ice-cream.
Everything was lost.
I gave him all I had.
One can not live alone.
I have solved the problem, but you gave me another one.
I have only one information I have no other.
I have met the other.
Have you seen the others?
I have met them both.
Either could have solved the problem.
Neither wrote the homework.
Several knew the answer.
The test was too much for us.
I have seen many, but this is the best.
I ate a little, I wasn't hungry.
A few came.
Some where talking.
Could somebody tell me the answer?
Could someone help me?
Would you give me something please?
I have no ideas. Do you have any?
Has enybody washed the dishes?
Does anyone have the answers?
I don't want anything.
Nobody came to school.
Nothing can stop him.
5.The interrogative pronoun
who? - cine? Who are the persons in the corner?
What? - ce? What are you doing?
Which? - care? Which is your brother?
Whose? - al cui? Whose is the notebook?
Whom? - cui? Whom did you give the money to?
6.The relative pronoun
who - cine The english teacher, who was invited to our school, ended his speech with a fine remark.
what - ce
which - care This is the album which you know.
whose - al cui The man whose speech was admired, was my father.
whom - cui The teacher, to whom we offered a book, thanked us a lot.
that - acela This is the man that I told you about.
7.The reflexive pronoun
myself - eu insumi I wash myself.
Yourself - tu insuti You dress yourself.
Himself - el insusi He perfumes himself.
Ouerselves - noi insine We comb ourselves.
Yourselves - voi insiva You feed your selves.
Themselves - ei insisi They wash themselves.
8.The emphatic pronoun
I went there myself to solve the problem.
You did it yourself.
He went there adnd saw for himself.
We heard ourselves her words.
You wrote your homework yourselves.
They read the book themeselves.
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