Nr.

PHYSICS FIELD

Experimental Studies

Theoretical Studies

New Devices

New Methods

Major Findings

of Experim. Studies & Tests

New Phenomena

New Physical Objects or States

Theoretical Models

Deductive Theoretical Studies

Thermodynamics

Illuminating Au-tomatic Regula-tor 14214l115o s & Gas Accu-mulators (1912)

Van der Waals model of real gases (1910)

Thermodynamic theory of thermal radiation (1911)

Electromagnetism

&Electromagnetic Waves (radiation & propagation)

Wireless telegraphy (Radio), 1909

Michelson-Morley experiments (test of "ether" hypothesis),1907

X-rays (Röntgen, 1901)

Heat Radiation laws: Wien,1911;

Energy Quanta: Planck, 1918

Influence of magnetism on the radiation pheno-mena, etc. 1902

Optics, Microscopy & Diffractometry

Michelson inter-ferometer, 1907; phase contrast microscope, 1953

Color Photogra-phy, 1908; Holo-graphy,1971; Electron & scan-ning tunneling microscopy, 1986

Diffraction of: a) X-rays, 1914; b) electrons/crystals1937; c) neu-trons, 1994

Bragg-Bragg law of X-rays diffraction, 1915; Quantum theory of optical coherence, 2005

Spectroscopy

X-rays

Spectroscope,

W.H. Bragg, 1915

Laser-based precision spectro-scopy, 2005

Spectral methods:

X-rays, 1924; her-tzian waves,1966; laser & e^-, 1981; ionic traps,1989; neutrons, 1994

Characteristic X-rays spectral lines of elements, 1917; Fine structure of H spectrum, 1955

Effects:

Zeeman, 1902; Stark, 1919;

Raman, 1930

Atomic and Molecular Physics

Ammonia (NH₃) maser, Townes, 1964

Procedure of gas densities determi-nation, 1904; atoms cooling by means of laser radiations, 1997

Cathodic radiation

study, 1905;

Experiments of:

Franck-Hertz, 1925;

Jean Perrin, 1926

Compton effect, 1927

X-rays (Röntgen, 1901); Bose-Einstein conden-sation in dilute gases, 2001

Bohr's atomic model, 1922

Theory of the Brownian motion (not mentioned explicitly in the Nobel prize award):

Einstein, 1921

Theoretical Physics

(relativity, gravita-tion, quantum phys.)

Energy Quanta, Planck, 1918;

Wave nature of electrons (of any particles, generally):

de Broglie, 1924

Relativity & Gravity theories: 1921 Quantum theory: Heisenberg, 1932

Schrödinger, Dirac, 1933; Pauli, 1945; Born, 1954; Quantum electrodynamics,1965

Nr.

PHYSICS FIELD

Experimental Studies

Theoretical Studies

New Devices

New Methods

Major Findings

of Experim. Studies & Tests

New Phenomena

New Physical Objects or States

Theoretical Models

Deductive Theoretical Studies

Condensed Matter Physics

Transistor, 1956;

Tunnel Diode: Esaki, 1973

Semiconductor hetero-structures & Integrated circuits, 2000

Neutron Diffraction Methods, 1994

Special Alloys, 1920; High pressure phenomena, 1946; Tunneling in Superconductors: Giaever, 1973

Effects:

Mössbauer, 1961;

Quantum Hall effect, 1985;

Fractional quantum Hall effect, 1998

Liquid Helium & Superconductivity (SC) 1913; Antiferro- & ferrimagnetism, 1970; Liq. Helium superfluidity, 1978; High tem-peratures SC,1987

Of the photoelectric effect, Einstein, 1921; of the thermionic emission, 1928; of Liquid Crystals and Polymers, 1991; of superconductors and superfluids, 2003

Liquid Helium: 1962;

BCS Theory, 1972;

Josephson's effect theory, 1973;

Magnetic & Disorder-ed Systems, 1977;

Critical Phenomena theory: Wilson, 1982

Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics

Wilson's cloud chamber, 1927;

Automated cloud chamber, 1948

NMR, 1944;

High accuracy nuclear magne-tic measure-ments, 1952; Coincidence method, 1954

Main radioactive substances properties:

P. & M. Curie, 1903

Radioactivity: Becquerel, 1903;

Nuclear reactions with slow neu-trons:Fermi,1938;

Cherenkov effect,

1958

Nuclear Shell Structure: Goeppert-Meyer & Jenkins, 1963;

Combined Nuclear Structure: Bohr-Mottelson, 1975

Exclusion principle

and β decay theory: Pauli, 1945;

Atomic nucleus theory and fundamental symmetry principles:

Wigner, 1963

Elementary Particles and Fundamental Interactions

Cyclotrone, 1939;

Nuclear plates, Powell, 1950;

Bubble chamber, 1960 & 1968;

Multiwire propor-tional chamber, Charpak, 1992

For e, h mea-surement, 1923;

p⁺ and e^- magnetic momentum,

1943 and 1955;

For the study of quarks, 1990

Discovery of electron by means of the study of electrical conduc-tion in gases, 1906

Interactions of p

and nuclei, 1951;

Violations of the P (1957) and CP

(1980) symmetry

Discoveries of:

n,Chadwick 1935;

e⁺,Anderson 1936

π, Powell, 1950;

p^-, Chamberlain 1959; J/ψ, Richter-Ting,1976

W, Z, 1984;

(1988),

, (1995)

Structure of nucleons, Hofstadter, 1961;

Classification and interactions of elementary particles, Gell-Mann, 1969;

Weak and electro-magnetic interactions unification, 1979;

Quantum structure of electroweak interac-tions, Hooft-V. 1999

Theoretical prediction of mesons, Yukawa, 1949;

Discovery of the asymptotic freedom of the strong interaction, Gross, Politzer, Wilczek, 2004

Plasma Physics

Ionosphere, Appleton, 1947

Applications of mag-neto-hydrodynamics theory, Alfvén, 1970

Astrophysics and Cosmology

Radio-telescope, 1974

Discovery of cosmic X-rays sources & detection of cosmic neutrinos, 2002

Pulsars, 1974; bi-nary pulsars, 1993

Cosmic back-ground radiation,

1978