Gravity
A NEW APPROACH TO GRAVITY - EINSTEIN'S PERIHELION EFFECT RE
DERIVED. Submitted to "Physical Review Letters" in Feb.,2001.
Abstract
Newton
considered gravity as an interaction between two masses: one mass interacts
with the other mass directly without any role for the space in which they move.
Newton's
concept of gravity was completely modified when Einstein considered gravity as
an effect arising due to the action of mass on space. Extending this concept,
here in this paper we consider gravity as an effect of the action of space on
mass and we postulate repulsive forces between any two particles due to their
spins. Based on these concepts, we discuss the nature of planetary orbits
around the sun. Using Lagrangian method of classical mechanics, we show that
the planetary orbit cannot be a closed ellipse but has to have perihelion
effect. Finally, we suggest the possibility of certain implications of our
theory in the study of particle physics, gravitational collapse, cosmological
constant and cosmology.
Keywords: Space, Gravity, Repulsive Force, Perihelion, Spin.
1. Introduction
The Theory of Relativity which made its author, Albert Einstein, a man of
this century drastically modified the paradigm of Newton by reducing his four independent
quantities, namely Space, Time, Matter and Energy to just two. The Lorentz
transformation merged Space and time into a four dimensional space-time
continuum and the relation E=mc2 merged mass and energy into energy-momentum
four-vector. The paradigm of Einstein led him to consider gravity as a
parametric effect (curvature effect) of the space-time continuum. The
phenomenal success of Einstein's gravitational field equations eventually led
him to work for a further unification of his two independents and thus was born
his unified field theory approach. Though he did not have complete success in
this regard, his idea of unified field in terms of which every physical
phenomenon can be explained, has come to stay and one can see in the recent
literature a number of proposals postulating such a field and developing the
physical laws from that. The self-interacting scalar field of Chervon et al [1],
the decaying vacuum Cosmologies [2], the 'Absolute' space theories of Nuthakki
[3], the creation field of Quasi Steady State theory of Narlikar [4],
Winterberg's vacuum with discrete substructure at the Planck scale [5],
squeezed vacuum state concept of Hong yi Fan and Min Xiao, and its application
to early universe [6], Osmaston's Continuum ether theory [7] wherein
fundamental particles are considered as special, rather (but finitely)
concentrated rotational forms of disturbance of the continuum, the concept of
Zero Point Field (ZPF) of Haisch [8], et.al. the scalar theory of Arminjon,
et.al. [9,10] wherein the gravitation is characterised by the gradient of an
"ether pressure", a plenum of negative Gravitational energy proposed by Brout
et. al. [11] are a few samples of unified approach. Though these approaches
vastly differ in their basic postulates and the operational details, their
methodology is the same: namely to propose a basic state with certain
attributes, to evolve a body of mathematical logic or theory from these
postulates and apply the theory to the study of physical phenomena. To propose
a basic state and to see the physical phenomena as arising from that state,
essentially represent a monastic approach in science. Hence in such cases, one
can hope that the monastic philosophy of great thinkers will be of guidance in
postulating the nature and the evolutionary character of the single basic
state. From his philosophy especially from his definition of the nature of
space and the fundamental particles [12], we propose a set of postulates from
which, we build a mathematical theory.
2. A New Approach To Gravity
According to Newton,
space is a passive background in which material objects move. Einstein's
General Theory of Relativity redefined space from a passive background to an
active participant in the dynamics of the Cosmos. In essence, Einstein realised
a quality of space which Newton
did not. Going further, the following qualities of space are proposed here as a
set of postulates:
1. Space is characterised with an inherent self-compressive force
whose intensification results in the formation of a spinning quantum of space
which we call a fundamental particle. Such free fundamental particles are
present throughout the physical universe in the so-called vacuum, and
constitute what we call the free particle medium.
2. Every particle due to its spin motion produces a spreading wave
around it through space and the force of this spreading wave impinging on
another particle tends to increase the distance between them. This interactive
repulsion between any two particles is proportional to the spinning speed of
the particles. With regard to the postulate 1) above, we are to state that when
we propose a single state and develop the formation of structures from that
state, it is logical that this state contains a built-in mechanism to produce
the fundamental particles of which further structures are made. This built-in
mechanism is postulated here as the self-compressive nature of space. The
self-compressive nature of the space tends to decrease the distance between any
two particles and thus the inherent self-compressive force of space itself is
gravity. Postulate may be seen as a kind of distant reference to the repulsive
force introduced by Einstein through his cosmological constant [13]. The above
concept of gravity can be contrasted with already existing theories of gravity
as follows: When Newton observed two masses coming together (the legendary
apple and earth) he placed the cause for the observed effect on the masses and
hence, he proposed the Universal law of gravitation: Every particle attracts
every other particle with a force directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
When Einstein formulated his Special Theory of Relativity, he found that Newton's theory of
gravity is not compatible with his Special theory. Newton's concept of instantaneous action at a
distance implied Absolute or Universal time which Einstein's Special theory had
abolished in favour of personal or relativistic time. Einstein was aware of
this 'conflict' in 1907 itself while he was still at the patent office in Bern but did not take serious note of it until he was at
the German University
in Prague in
1911. A few years later, Einstein and Grossmann put forward the idea that
gravitational force is a manifestation of curvature in space-time. Stated
another way, according to Einstein, gravity is the effect of mass on space. By
contrast, here we consider gravity as the effect of space on mass. The role of
space in the dynamics of cosmos has been progressively upgraded. As already
stated, Newton
considered space as a passive background; Einstein considered the same as an
active medium for the gravitational interaction between two systems and
attributed a mechanical property (curvature) for the same. In this paper
gravity is considered as the inherent property of space itself. The
significance of our formalism lies in its assertion that the gravity is not the
property of the particle but is an inherent quality of the space itself.
3. Application To Planetary Motion
Before we proceed to present an application of our concept of gravity,
for the sake of ready reference and comparison, we present a brief account of Newton and Einstein's
formalisms regarding the study of Planetary orbits.
* Newton's
Formalism:
The planetary
motion has been extensively studied in classical mechanics as a two-body
problem in a central force field. Describing the motion of a test particle
around the sun by the two co-ordinates r and f, a Lagrangian is written and
from that, Lagrangian equations are formed.
Solving these equations, a differential equation between r and f is obtained
as,
d2u/dØ2 + u = -(1/q2u2)
F(r), with u=1/r
(1)
where q is the orbital angular momentum of the test particle.
From Newton's
law of gravity, we have F(r)= - k/r2 (where k is a constant
involving the gravitational constant G) and hence eqn (1) becomes [14],
d2u/dØ2 + u = k/q2
(2)
Equation 2 represents a conic. Under certain initial conditions, the Conic
becomes a closed ellipse. The perigee and apogee turning points of the
elliptical orbits can be a well illustrated in a graph between the effective
potential (Veff) and the distance r.
The effective potential is given by the relation. Veff = - k/r + q2
/ 2m r2 (2a)
* Einstein's formalism
The study of
planetary motion, in Einstein's formalism, becomes a theory13) in a curved
space-time structure, the mass(M) of the sun being the cause of the curvature.
The motion of a planet in such a curved space takes place along its geodesic
given by the equation,
d2 Xa / ds2
+ dXb/ds dXg/ds = 0
(3)
The Christoffel symbols are determined by the Schwarschild metric
expression given by,
ds2 = (1- 2GM/r) dt2
- (1- 2GM/r)-1 dr2 - r2dø2 - r2
sin2ødØ2 (4)
From eqn(3) follow four relations for a =1,2,3,4; using these relations the
equation for the orbital path of the test particle around the sun is obtained
as,
d2u/dØ2 + u = k/q2
+ 3ku2
(5)
The non-linear term 3ku2 prevents the ellipse from being closed and
hence gives rise to the perihelion effect. Eqn (5) is solved by the use of an
approximation and the perihelion effect (µ GM) is determined [13,15].
* Vethathiri formalism
The study of planetary motion
presented in this paper proceeds from the second postulate (Sec.2), by using
which we derive an expression for the force which keeps a test particle along
its orbit around the sun. We consider a test particle (p) at a distance r from
the sun with an orbital velocity v.
We discuss in this situation
the net force on (p) due to gravity and repulsive forces.
Let C be the gravitational
force on p directed towards the sun, due to the self- compressive nature of the
space. Due to the spin motion of the sun and its constituent particles there
occurs a radial outward flow of energy from the sun. This radial outward flow
exerts a repulsive force on the test particle.
The energy emanating from the
surface (r=R) of the sun per second flowing through unit area at a distance r
from the centre of the sun is directly proportional to 1/r2.
Consequently the momentum received
by the unit area in unit time and hence repulsive force on the test particle
may be written as Rs/r2, where Rs is a
parameter related to the sun.
As stipulated by Postulate(2), the free
particles which are present between the sun and the test particle (p) spin with
relatively high speed and give out spreading waves repelling each other. Due to
the compressive force (C - Rs/r2) on (p), the column of
the free particle medium between the sun and the test particle is under
compression.
Since the free particles (as well as
any other material particles) present in the column are repelling one another
due to their spin, this compression is counteracted by a resistance. As a
result, if K is the mean repulsive force on the test particle per unit length
of the column, Kr gives the effective repulsive force on the particle.
Hence the net centripetal
force on the particle is (C - Rs/r2 - Kr).
In other words, the net
force F on the particle is given as:
F = C - (Rs / r2) -
Kr
(6)
We follow the standard convention that negative value of F means centripetal
(radially towards the sun) and positive F means centrifugal (radially outward).
The expression obtained here
for the centripetal force acting on a test particle has three terms: the first
one is a constant term contributed by the space; the second one contributed by
the sun varies inversely with r2 and the third one contributed by
the free particle medium around the sun varies proportional to r. The expression
for F leads to a potential
V(r) = (Cr + Rs/r - 1/2 Kr2)
so that
F = -¶V/¶r.
The r-dependence of the
expression for F in eqn.(6) has certain interesting features.
According to Newton's law of gravity, the gravitational
force binding any two systems vanishes only at infinity.
But here, the force F as given by eqn (6) vanishes for three values of r
of which the two positive values are of physical significance. The variation of
F with r is given in the graph I. The Lagrangian (L) of the test particle is,
given as,
Since L is independent of Ø, the angular momentum q=r2(dØ/dt) is a
constant of motion.
Using Lagrangian equation of motion along with eqn. (6,7) we obtain:
d2u/dØ2 + u = 1/q2u2
( C - Rsu2 -K 1/u )
where
u=1/r. = Bu-2 - Du-3
- A
(8)
B = C/q2 ; D = K/q2;
A = Rs/q2
(9)
d2y/dØ2 + y = B
(y-A)-2 - D(y-A)-3 ,
where
u+A=y.
(10)
Each term on the R.H.S. of equation (8) deserves special explanation. When
compared to Newton's
formalism (eqn.2) the constant term A here gets a negative sign.
This is understandable because the role of the sun regarding its effect on the
test particle is reversed in Vethathiri formalism. According to Newton the sun attracts
the particle whereas our postulates imply that the sun repels the test
particle. The term Bu-2, though non-linear, differs vastly from the
corresponding term of Einstein, i.e. 3ku2. This is because our view
of space is drastically different from that of Einstein. According to Einstein,
the curvature of space is distance dependent. But in our formalism the
compressive force of the space on a given particle is independent of distance;
in fact, here the question of distance dependence of C does not arise at all.
It is significant to note that the term Du-3 which is highly
non-linear has no counterpart in Newton's
and Einstein's formalism. This is because the role of the free particle medium
around the sun has not been taken into account in their formalisms.
4. Perihelion Effect
Considering Eqn.(10), let us assume, y = a
where a is very small.
d2a/dØ2 + a = (B/A2)
(1+ 2a/A) + (D/A3) (1+ 3a/A)
(11)
d2u/dØ2 + n2a
= w
(12)
n2 = ; w = ( B/A2 + D/A3 )
(13)
Assuming the solution to be a = w/n2 + E CosnØ where E is a
constant,
we get 1/r = + E
CosnØ
(14)
Eqn (14) represents a Conics. For eqn (14) to represent an ellipse, (w/n2
- A) has to be positive which requires, as a simple calculation shows 8g + 9h
> 6 where
h=2B/A3; g=3D/A4
(15)
Eqn (15) imposes a restriction on the relative values B,A and D. r repeats its
value when
nØ = 2pØ = 2p/n = 2p + 2pCq4/Rs3
+ (3pk/Rs4) q6
(16)
The last two terms on the R.H.S. will prevent the elliptical orbit from being
closed and hence represent the perihelion effect. It may be noted that the two
terms representing the perihelion effect arise due to two different reasons:
The first one is due to the interaction of the particle (p) with the space and
is similar to the perihelion effect obtained by Einstein and the second one is
due to the interaction of the particle (p) with the free particle medium, which
has not been considered in Einstein's formalism.
5. Conclusion
In Newtonian formalism,
the force F(r) of gravity becomes zero only at infinity. But in our theory F(r)
becomes zero, in principle, at three points of which two are of physical
significance. Of these two points, (X1 and X2 of force
variation graph) the farthest point X2 is more meaningful in
astrophysical situations. At this point, the compressive gravity C is almost
balanced by the reactive resistance Kr. This is a kind of situation where
Einstein expected the repulsive force due to his cosmological constant to
balance the attractive gravity. The nearest null point (X1) is of
much interest when we consider the dynamics in atomic and nuclear dimensions,
where hitherto the presence of such compressive force (gravity) and repulsive
forces have not been hitherto considered. Furthermore, the strong repulsive
forces operating at a distance less than that of X1 may have
significant implication in the study of gravitational collapse of massive stars
[16]. In Einstein's formalism, the perihelion effect is due to the interaction
of the test particle with the curved space; but here the perihelion effect
turns out to be not only due to the interaction of the test particle with the
space but also due to its interaction with the medium of free particles. The
problem of determining the quantitative values for the compressive gravity C,
the reactive resistance per unit length K and the repulsive flux Rs on the
surface of the sun is to be taken up for a future publication.
6. Acknowledgement
The authors pay their deepest respects to Shri
Vethathiri Maharishi whose revelatory insight about space forms the basis of
this paper and with whom we had the privilege of having many enlightening
discussions. We gratefully acknowledge that while translating his insights into
mathematical relations we were much benefited by our discussions with Prof.
Kandasamy, Prof. E.K. Ramasamy, Prof. Kulandaivelu of Bharathiar University,
Coimbatore, Prof. P.R. Subramaniam and Prof. M. Seetharaman of University of
Madras, Chennai, Prof. M. Pankajavalli of Sri G.V.G. college, Udumalpet, Dr.
Kamalaharan, formerly of Presidency college, Chennai, and Dr.V.K.Gupta of
University of Colorado.
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Lectures and Contributed Papers GR15 (1997).
3. P. Nuthakki: Int. J. Theo. Phys 13, (1975) 27.
4. Fred Hoyle, G. Burbridge and J.V. Narlikar: Proc. Royal. Soc.
London A448 (1995) 191.
5. F. Winterberg: Abstracts of Plenary Lectures and Contributed
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6. E. Gunzig, J. Geneniau and I.
Prigogine: Nature 330 (1987) 621.
7. Miles F. Osmaston : Proc. 5th Conf. Physical Interpretations of
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Theory, edited by M.C. Duffy (1998).
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12. Yogiraj Vethathiri Maharishi: UNIFIED FORCE ( Vethathiri Pub. 1995)
13. Eric A. Lord: Tensors, Relativity and Cosmology (Tata McGraw - Hill
1976).
14. H. Goldstein: Classical Mechanics.
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For further details and clarifications, contact Brain Trust.
Inertia
THE CONCEPT OF INERTIA IN THE VETHATHIRI MODEL OF THE
UNIVERSE. This paper was presented at the "Seminar on Mass and
Gravity", co-sponsored by the Brain Trust (W.C.S.C) and Ramakrishna
Vidyalaya College, Coimbatore, So.India, on 24th Sept.1999, attended by over
100 professors and graduate researchers from various colleges and
universities in the area.
Abstract
Newton
considered gravity to be an inherent property of every particle in the
universe. This view of Newton
was modified by Einstein to mean that gravity is due to the action of a
particle on the surrounding space. Modifying this view of Einstein, we obtain
a new model called Vethathiri Model of the Universe, wherein gravity is the
action of space on the particle. In the light of this Model, certain
fundamental concepts are critically reexamined. We show that mass is the
dynamic differential of the compressive gravity and the net resistance to it.
Introduction
The study of the laws governing the evolution of the observable universe
constitutes Science. The evolution comprises a series of causes and effects.
The description of the link between a given cause and its effect, expressed
in mathematical terms, becomes a theory. Normally, a theory starts with an
effect and ends up in unraveling the cause for it.
Newton thus
declared: "The aim of my science is to find the cause for every effect I
observe until I arrive at the ultimate cause which is certainly
non-mechanical."
Every theory has three stages: axioms, mathematical logic and predictions.
When the predictions do not agree with experimental evidence, axioms must be
suitably modified. Let us briefly discuss in this paper how the axioms of the
Newtonian model of the universe were modified by Einstein to arrive at a new
model, and how Einstein's axioms need further reexamination in order to
remove certain fundamental difficulties of modern science and thus bring us
into closer agreement with the perceivable truth of Nature.
Newtonian Model
In the Newtonian model the universe is considered as a composition of four
independent entities: space, time, matter and energy. Absence of precise and
clear definitions for these four is a severe limitation on the Newtonian
model. In such an absence, people have been led to mistake them for what they
are not! The failure of the Newtonian school of thought in the realms of
atomic dimensions and high velocities demonstrated that there are axiomatic
errors in the Newtonian scheme. This demonstration came about a century ago
and gave the scientific community the requisite courage and motivation to
modify the Newtonian axioms. This led to the propounding of quantum concepts
in the atomic dimension and attempts at unification of the four entities -
space, time, matter and energy.
Einstein Model
Einstein's theory brought out the inter-dependence of space/time and
matter/energy by the following relations:
T = [ t - vx / c2 ] / √[ 1 - v2 / c2
] ........... (1)
E = mc2
........... (2)
By the above relations, Einstein reduced the four independent quantities to
two: space and time united to become space -time continuum and matter and
energy united to form matter-energy by equivalence. This unification is the
greatest gift of Einstein to the people of the twentieth century. However,
the Einstein model retains the limitations of the Newtonian model in the
sense that the ultimate explanations of the radical nature of space and mass
have not been provided.
With the Vethathiri Model the unification scheme initiated by Einstein is
brought to its logical conclusion and the explanations so far lacking have
finally been given.
Vethathiri Model
( see Appendix )
The essential feature of the Vethathiri model is that it defines matter,
energy and time as the manifestations of the space itself, which is plenum,
primordial, Omnipotent and total consciousness. The entire universe is of and
by space. Space itself is Gravity: it is everlasting, singular, almighty,
all-penetrative, highly transparent, imperceptible, dark, fluid matter,
characterized by quivering, kinematic, inexhaustible, self-compressive,
surrounding pressure, which results in automatic repulsion in its
intensification and emerges as the infinitesimal energy particle. Gravity is
identified as unified force, the source of all forces, with the inherent and
inseparable attributes of force and consciousness. Time: time is the
progressive and regular manifestation of the quivering of space Energy:
energy is the manifest dynamic state of the potential energy of space. In the
Vethathiri model space, time and energy are the three physical realities of
Nature; matter is a limited, localized, perceivable function of space, time
and energy, and its parameters are pattern, precision and regularity - all
governed by consciousness. The smallest such function is the fundamental
individual particle, which is actually an infinitesimal quantum excitation of
space - an energy packet. This is called "Vethon" in the Vethathiri
model. All supposed varieties of particles are really this same Vethon
particle with changed functional parameters.
Gravity
Though gravity was the first known force, it is yet the least understood. Newton considered
gravity to be an attribute of the particle. "Every particle in the
universe attracts every other particle", declared Newton. If a particle were to be created at
an instant, he asserted that it would exert its gravitational influence on
every part of the universe instantaneously. For Newton, gravity is "action at a
distance" due to and among material particles.
Modifying Newton,
Einstein had a different idea about gravity: he asserted that gravity arises
due to a particle's effect on the space surrounding it. Any other particle
within the ambit of that distorted space gets affected accordingly. Previous
to this, space had been considered as a passive background wherein particles
move;
Einstein was the first to realize and declare the dynamic and active nature
of space.
Modifying Einstein further, Vethathiri model asserts that gravity is solely
due to the constant, self-compressive surrounding pressure of the space. The
self-compression of the space tends to decrease the distance between any two
given particles.
Gravity, or in other words, self-compression, is the essential feature of the
all-pervading space and it is this self-compression which is responsible for
the formation of fundamental particles from and by space.
Inertia
In Vethathiri model space is primary and individual, fundamental particles
evolve from it. Due to its own self-rotation each fundamental particle
produces a repulsive field in the ambient space and the quanta of this field
are termed "Yogons". This Yogon field is referred to in this model
as magnetic field. (The nature of this field is the same as that introduced
by Einstein by way of his Cosmological Constant.)
A given Vethon is acted upon by the space through the self-compressive
surrounding pressure, as well as by the configuration of matter surrounding
it, through the magnetic field.
If C is the constant compressive pressure exerted on the Vethon, and R
represents the net repulsive pressure of the individual Vethon (this net
repulsion being affected by the ambient magnetic field], then (C-R)
represents the net gravity acting on the Vethon. If U = C-R, then, the
greater the value of U is, the, greater would be the difficulty for an
applied force (F) to move the particle. This difficulty is interpreted
classically as the inertia of the particle. If I represents the inertia of
the Vethon, then
I = F / a = U = ( C - R
)
........... (3)
(a above indicates acceleration)
Equation (3) is the equivalence between the so-called gravitational mass and
inertial mass of a particle. In the absence of an applied force, U is the net
gravity and under the action of an applied force the same U is the inertia.
In fact, rather than use the terms 'mass' and 'inertia' it is more accurate
to say that U is the net pressure acting on a particle. In general, the
inertia of a body will be given by:
I = U =
∑Un
........... (4)
Un is the inertia of the nth particle.
Thus, Vethathiri model gives a new insight into the term "Inertia"
and eliminates the erroneous concept that there are two kinds of masses. If
we mistakenly believe in two mass values for a given body, we may feel it
necessary to add both to find the total mass of the body!
The equivalence of net gravity and inertia is the marvelous truth of Nature.
It was demonstrated by Galileo, admired and wondered at by Newton, exploited by Einstein to build a
new theory and is now truly explained by the Vethathiri model.
Eq.(3) contains within it the ideas of great physicists of history, and at
the same time holds promise for the understanding of future generations. As a
case in point of historical relevance, Mach's principle may be related to the
Vethathiri model.
Mach principle
Ernst Mach was a German philosopher, acknowledged by Einstein as his mentor
and motivator. Einstein, in his autobiographical sketch mentions that the
critical reasoning required for his discovery of Special Relativity was
decisively furthered by his reading of Mach's philosophical works.
One of the earliest observed qualities of matter was its inertia. Galileo
interpreted inertia of matter as the resistance that a body would give to a
force applied on it. Following Galileo, Newton
obtained the inertia or mass (m) of a body as a constant of proportionality
between a force applied on it and the acceleration thus produced. Hence, in
his scheme, Newton
considered the mass of a body as absolute. Mach challenged the absoluteness
of inertia of the body, and argued that the inertia of a body is a measure of
its interaction with the ambient matter and hence depends on the
configuration of matter surrounding the body.
This principle of Mach is what the equation (3) partially indicates.
The term R represents the interaction of a body with its surroundings, which
Mach speaks of.
Thus, Eq.(3) contains Mach, but it goes further. Since Mach did not have the
idea of the potential of space, he never mentioned the interaction of a body
with space.
Eqn.(3) enlarges Mach's principle by the constant C which represents the
self-compressive surrounding pressure on the body. With this extra dimension,
Vethathiri Model modifies the Mach principle to become as follows: The
inertia of a body arises due to its interaction with surrounding matter and
also due to the effect on it by the self-compressive pressure of Gravity.
Mach's concept of inertia of a body being attributed to the interaction with
the rest of the matter in the universe had a profound influence on Einstein.
He expected his equation for the gravitational field to incorporate Mach's
principle. Accordingly, when he wrote the equation:
Rμv - gμv R + λgμv =
-bTμv
........... (5)
Tμv = ( ρ + P )δμv - pVμVv
for the gravitational field, he asserted that the above equation will not
admit a solution for the case when the density of the universe r = 0 (i.e.
matter-free universe). However, right after his paper appeared, the cosmologist
de Sitter did find a solution for the above equation with r = 0. A highly
disappointed Einstein looked for ways to rule out de Sitter but soon realized
that he could not.
Now, what are the implications of the de Sitter solution? The de Sitter solution
shows that a body can have inertia even in the absence of matter surrounding
it. Now the question is: In the absence of matter what is the inertia of the
body due to? Vethathiri model has the answer. In the absence of surrounding
matter the inertia of a body arises due to its interaction with the
surrounding space - a factor which Mach did not consider.
Discussion
Salient features of this paper
1. Conventional physics defines the mass of a body as the amount of
resistance that it offers to a force applied on it. However, it didn't throw
any light on the source of this resistance. In the absence of a clear
understanding of this source, the inertia and hence the mass came to be
considered as inherent property of the body and the same was measured in terms
of the effect that an applied force would produce.
Soon it was realized that the mass of a body not only offers a resistance to
an applied force, but also effects a force on another body due to
gravitation. So, there came a different definition for mass in terms of the
gravitational force that the body effects on another mass. Accordingly, one
talks of inertial mass by the former method and gravitational mass by the
latter method. Surprisingly, there is no compelling theoretical reason for
the equality of the two masses, which is taken for granted in contemporary
physics due to experimental reasons.
In sharp contrast to the above, this paper throws light on the source of the
resistance and hence defines mass not in terms of its effect but in terms of
its source. The definition given here is of mass, as such, in itself. Mass is
the dynamic differential of the compressive gravity and the net resistance to
it.
2. Contrary to Newton's
assumption, gravity is shown to be an attribute of space and not of particles.
3. Einstein attributed gravity to the effect of particles on space,
whereas here gravity is shown to be the effect of space on the particle. In
the Vethathiri Model an explanation for the source of gravity is offered.
4. Mach principle is extended to include the interactions of a body
with the surrounding space and this extension receives a theoretical support
in the de Sitter model. Also, the nature of interactions of matter is
explained in Vethathiri Model.
5. Since inertia of a system is nothing but the net gravity on the
system, there is no need to talk about two kinds of masses for a body, or any
'mass' at all. The so-called 'mass' is nothing but the net pressure, (C - R),
acting on a body. Science progresses only through constant review and
updating. The necessity to revise or update a given theory arises from new
experimental results or from the demands of aesthetic or philosophic logic.
Instances of both of these are abundant in the history of science. Vethathiri
model is another instance of the latter case.
Vethathiri model begins from the radical Beginning itself, and hence has a
philosophic base. It is this base which is missing throughout contemporary
science, which begins from the stage of fundamental particles but does not
even conceptualize the origin nor the essential nature of these particles.
The fact that Vethathiri model begins with and consistently proceeds from the
radical, primordial state is its strength and gives us a holistic cosmology.
So far science has been piecemeal and hence is riddled with inconsistencies
and unanswerable questions. Only a holistic theory can reveal the fundamental
truth. It is in this context that Vethathiri model is significant and
valuable. It is not a superficial modification of Newton's or Einstein's concepts, but a
radically different view which has finally brought cosmic monism into
scientific thinking and thereby the concept of Effect is seen as inherent and
inseparable from Cause.
Appendix Basic Concepts Of The Vethathiri Model
1. The universe has manifested from, of and by the Primordial Totality, and
this everlasting Totality is referred to in this model as the Primordial
State (P.S.). Inherent quivering potential energy, consciousness and
"self-compressive force" characterize the P.S.
2. Due to the combined action of the potential energy, consciousness, and the
self-compressive force, the P.S. gives rise to infinitesimal whirling
wave-packets. These whirling wave-packets are hereafter referred to as Vethon
particles. With the emergence of the Vethons, the cosmological, irreversible
time started and with that the evolution of the universe.
3. The Vethons thus produced are compressed at all times by the
self-compressive force of the P.S. to a bounded region and this bounded
region defines the physical universe. Thus, the physical universe is embedded
in the primordial state. As more and more Vethons are created, the extent of
this region enlarges.
4. Due to its spin each Vethon produces a repulsive field around it and the
quanta of this field are called Yogons. The Yogon field is referred to in
this model as magnetic field.
5. Given two Vethons, the self-compressive force acts to decrease the
distance between them, and the repulsive Yogon field acts to maintain a
distance between them. Mass of a body is the dynamic differential of the
compressive gravity and the net resistance to it.
6. The Vethons evolve into various elementary particles and these elementary
particles combine to form systems like elements, molecules and compounds. The
number and configuration of Vethons in the system determines its size and
structure, and the intensity of the Yogon field between them determines the
quality (i.e. the properties) of the element or compound.
7. As the P.S. is endowed with consciousness, every Vethon and hence every
system is endowed with the same consciousness, manifesting as the order of
function of the system.
8. The Yogon magnetic field in the system gets transformed into the various
electrical, chemical and physical properties of the system.
References
1. Yogiraj Vethathiri Maharishi: Unified Force; (Vethathiri Publications,
Erode, 1995)
2. H.A.Atwater: Introduction to General Relativity (Pergamon Press, 1974)
3. H.Dicke: Gravitation and the Universe (The American Philosophical Society,
1970)
4. K.Kondo and T.M.Karade (Ed.): Einstein Centenary Symposium: Vol.I and II
(1989):
For further details and clarifications, contact Brain Trust
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Thought Transaction
Inducement Of Behaviour Changes In Tomato Plant By Thought
Transaction. Research work done by Arulnidhi Dr. G. Rajendran, Professor &
Head, Nematology Dept. (Retd.) Tamilnadu
Agri. University,
Coimbatore -
641 002. Ph : 2452695 (R) with A. Shanthi, K. Senthamizh, P. Kalaiarasan and J.
Jayakumar.
Acknowledgment
(The authors acknowledgment with due gratitude to the revered Vethathiri
Maharishi the founder of The World Community Service Centre, Thiruvanmiyur,
Chennai for teaching the mind tuning and constant encouragement for the
studies.)
Abstract
The thought transaction for plants infested with root-knot nematode, Meloi
dogyne incognita revealed that the chemical stimulation had been imparted for
the extent of enhancing protein profiles and enzyme activities like peroxidaseand
polyphenol oxidase which were responsible for resisting the invasion of
nematodes. The plant growth characteristics were perceptibly enhanced and
increased the vigor. The gall formation formed by the nematodes is arrested and
behaved like resistant plant.
Introduction
Response to music by plants is known to the science as the sound vibrations
activate or depress the plant according to vibrations produced. Plants respond
to external stress of environment (Bose, 1906).
The external stress, include attack of pest and disease. As nematologist, it
was our longing that the nematode menace though we tackle by chemicals is
costlier and have adverse effect on the environment as pollutant and have
residual problems for the consumer, is there any technique to induce the plants
to tackle invasion of nematodes?
The selection of nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum) was appropriate, as the gall is very prominent. The gene transfer
technique of transferring the genes responsible for root-knot resistance
involves chemicals and sophisticated tools which may not be in the purview of
ordinary scientist. Hence it was thought of transferring the biomagnetic waves
of the scientists with low mental frequency with awareness. Normally such state
is attainable due to ill health or using drugs which retards the awareness in
persons.
But transferring the mental wave frequency using meditation as tool can
achieve the state of subtler frequency of mind with awareness. To achieve this,
scientists have to practice for acquiring the skill of transaction of mental
frequency change to lower state with awareness. Normal human mind is capable of
transaction from 1- 40 cycles per second. The fixing of mind or observing at
pituitary gland brings down the frequency of mind to alpha waves (7-14
cycles/second) and further brought down while observing the mind at pineal
gland (3-6 cycles/second). The transaction to further down is achieved by
fixing the mind expanded to universe or beyond universe. These frequencies can
be measured by the instrument of electroencephalogram.
Materials and Methods
The tomato plants were raised in pots of 1.5 kg capacity filled with
sterilized pot mixture in glass house. One set of treatments was raised with
plants with sterile soil without nematode served as control. Another set of
treatment was with inoculum level of 1000 larvae/plant received no thought
transaction. The last set of treatment was raised with tomato raised with 1000
larvae/plant with transaction thought transfer by the bio-magnetic mind tuning
for the frequency of theta frequency and further down to coma state with
awareness.
After daily transaction for 45 days, the plants were examined for root
growth, vigor and for the development of any root knots/galls to nematode. The
thought transfer was that "the plants in the treatment should be protected
from the nematode and the plant should be with a high vigor and should resist
the attack of the nematode". The treated and untreated plants were
subjected to biochemical analysis. Native poly acrylamide gel electro-phoresis
analysis was done to examine the isoform profiles of peroxidase and polyphenol
oxidase. Protein profiles were examined by Sodium di decyl Sulphate- Poly
acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Current Nematology
Table - 1 : Effect on plant and vigour by thought transaction to tomato plant
inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita, (Mean of 14 replications).
|
Treatment
|
Plant height
(cm)
|
Plant girth
(cm)
|
School weight
(gm)
|
Root weight
(gm)
|
Root length
(cm)
|
Root-knot index
(cm)
|
|
Inoculated with thought
transaction
Inoculated without
thought transaction
|
55.1
42.4
|
3.0
1.2
|
73.5
34.4
|
9.7
3.0
|
15.0
7.6
|
1.2
3.3
|
|
Control
|
59.0
|
1.8
|
66.5
|
8.0
|
14.0
|
1.0
|
|
SED
|
1.96
|
0.13
|
2.67
|
0.39
|
1.50
|
0.23
|
|
CD (0.05)
|
4.37
|
0.13
|
5.96
|
0.52
|
0.35
|
0.52
|
Results and Discussion
The transacted plants were healthy with more number of roots and with no
galls compared to control plants and the plants non transacted by thought.
Hence it is evident that the thought of scientist who can transact and tune to such
level of mental frequency by practice can induce the susceptible, to a
resistant plant. Response to music by plants is known to the science as the
sound vibrations activate or depress the plant according to vibrations
produced. Plants respond to external stress of environment (Bose, 1906). The
present study revealed the response by the plants to the mental frequency of
the scientist by modifying the chemical composition and behavior of plants.
It was evident that there was more peroxidase induction in thought
transacted nematode infested plants revealing as PO1 and PO2 where as the
plants not received thought showed PO1 isoform only. For polyphenol oxidase
activity more enzyme induction was evidenced in thought transacted infested
plants revealing 3 isoforms as PPO1, PPO2 and PPO3 compared to plants not
received thought. More number of protein profile bands were found on thought
transacted nematode infested plants . The plant peroxidases are important to
the reinforcement of the cell walls at the border of infection by pathogens in
resistant plants. They are considered as important compounds of an active
defense response of nematode invaded tissue (Zacheo et al., 1995).
Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidases are precursor in phenyl propanoid which
is responsible for biosynthesis of lignin in plants. High accumulation/ lignin
deposition interfere the penetration of pathogen in the host cell wall. The
thought transaction with plants thus help in protect the plants from invasion
as plants are of the first order of evolution and are with many secrets of life
to be explored (Tompkins and Bird, 2000).
Benefits of Kayakalpa Yoga over PCOS Patients
Dr. S.P. Bharathi, B.S,M.S, Dr. Y.M. Ravichandran,
B.S,M.S, M. Abeetha, M.Sc., (Biochemistry), SKM Siddha
Hospital, Erode.
Background
Polycystic ovarian is a common endocrine disorder affecting nearly 15% of
women of reproductive age group. It is often and incidental finding in most
cases, with lack of periods, infertility, unwanted facial growth and loss of
hair giving signal to many patients for a check up. The principal function of
ovary is production of an egg each month for ovulation and production of all
hormones necessary for reproduction. The ovary fails to expel the matured
eggs in PCOS and a small amount of fluid begins to accumulate inside the
immature follicles to form multiple cysts. The cysts once again cause
hormonal imbalance. (Anuradha et al).
New studies have well documented that insulin resistance is an underlying
cause of PCOS. There are several mechanisms for the state of insulin
resistance leading to hyperinsulinemia.
- Peripheral target
tissue resistance.
- Decreased hepatic
clearance.
- Increased pancreatic
Sensitivity.
There is experimental evidence to indicate that in women
with PCOS the peripheral insulin resistance is due to post receptor defect
specifically leading to reduced tyrosine autophosphorylation and excessive
serine phosophorylation. Stated simply serine instead of tyrosine
phosophorylation is an "off' mechanism for P 450c17 enzyme activity the
defect in insulin action is hindered due to glucose metabolism, other binding
action of glucose are not impaired. There is an impressive correlation
between, the degree of hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. At higher
concentrations, insulin binds to the type II IGF receptors (structurally
similar to insulin receptors). IGF and insulin transmit their signals by
initiating tyrosine autophosphorylation of their receptors. Thus when insulin
receptors are blocked of defective in number, it is to be expected that
insulin would augment thecal androgen response to Luteinizing hormone.
There are two other important actions of insulin, which contribute to
hyperandrogenism in the presence of hyperinsulinemia :
- Inhibition of
hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin.
- Inhibition of
hepatic production of Insulin like growth factor binding protein I.
In India
nearly 40% of women are affected by PCOS. But among them only 60% come to
hospitals for treatment, when they recognize that they have got infertility.
If treated during early adolescent period it could be easily cured.
Clinically the treatment of PCOS is challenging in much more.
Objective
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the benefits of Kayakalpa yoga in
PCOS patients:
"Natural forces within us are the best healers of diseases".
Pituitary glands control the Endocrine metabolism of our body. When the other
endocrine glands get aggregated, pituitary gland regulates then, by secreting
an Anti-hormone. By giving treatment of pituitary gland synchronization of
pituitary - ovarian axis is brought out. Thus PCOS could be cured. The
Kayakalpa yoga is an intrinsic exercise, done to regulate the endocrine
metabolism of our body. Since, PCOS is one of the endocrinal disorder, this
yogasana is applicable to patients suffering from PCOS.
Obesity is one of the causative factors for PCOS patients. Due to this
Yogasana our body will be reduced. So in the study, a new approach is
analysed to control the obesity factor in PCOS patients.
Kayakalpa yoga is a rejuvenating technique, which maintains the potency of
our body and extends the lifespan. It comprises of two parts :
Toning up of nerves
There is a co-ordination between brain, functions of central nervous
system and autonomous nervous system, knowing as "toning".
Disturbances cause non-coordination known as "distonia". In PCOS
patients, there is a distonia in pituitary-ovarian axis. Strengthening the
coordination and getting rid of sagging is called toning up of nerves.
Every cell is made up of infinestimal, and tiny particles, each of which
keeps rotating it. Due to this self-rotation, a centrifugal force is
generated, which is called "Life-force". On account of this a
spreading wave is given rise to and it spreads throughout the body, known a
Bio-magnetism. To maintain better polarity amidst the cells we should bring
the "Life-force" collected in the Genetic center to the head. There
are two important links considered in the study :
- Hypothalamic -
Pituitary link
- Pituitary - Ovary
link.
The series of changes that occur originate primarily from
Bio-chemcial impulses sent out by a portion of the brain called Hypothalamus.
This activates the endocrine gland called Pituitary gland and this stimulates
or inhibits as may be necessary, the hormones of the ovary, In PCOS patients,
there is an increase in Luteninzing hormone and a decrease in Follicular
Stimulating hormone. Since the follicle is not stimulated appropriately it
may lead to infertility. The "Recycling of Seminal Back Mechanism"
(Kayakalpa Yoga) is similar to the Feed Back mechanism of the Pituitary
glands, in synchronizing the hormonal balance. Thus doing this yogasana
regulates Luteininzing hormone and Follicular Stimulating hormone. (Rathan
Janartham, 1998) .
Hormones enact as transformers in regulating the levels of energy producing
substances (c AMP, Glucose, Calcium, Sodium) in our body. (Perumal, 1998) By
doing Kayakalpa Yoga the energy from Life force is channeled up, it triggers
the functions of all endocrine glands and nerve plexus, which are helpful in
secreting the hormones. (Jaya Lal Mohan)
Thus Kayakalpa Yogasana is helpful in curing PCOS patients.
Selection Criteria
Ten women, who satisfied the criteria for PCOS by ultrasonography were
selected for this study. The criteria were
- Clinical features such
as menstrual abnormalities, hirsuitism, infertility, obesity.
- Pelvic
ultrasonography showing the presence of eight or more peripheral cysts
of at least l Omm diameter, with increased stromal echo in one or both
ovaries.
Data Collection & Analyses
All women were above 20 years of age. All informed, written consent was
obtained from them for inclusion in the study. An abdominal pelvic scan was
done in women who refused a vaginal scan. All scans were done in the
follicular phase of the cycle in which this could be determined, or at any
time in those who were anovulatry.
Reference Values
Reference values were derived from control subjects with regular menstrual
cycles and no evidence of PCOS. These values were adjusted on the basis of
Body Mass Index into normal and overweight groups. Hyperinsulinemia and
Hyperlipidemia were defined as values greater than the 75th centime for
normal women, adjusted for BMI.
Body Mass Index (BMI) & Obesity :
Body Mass Index (BMI) & Obesity
The BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters
squared. Subjects were defined and being overweight if the BMI was greater
than 25 kg.sq.m.
Body Mass Index
Group - I
Table - 1
|
S.No.
|
Age
(years)
|
BMI
(kg/sq.m)
|
Menstrual
irregularities
|
Sondogical
evidence for
Polycystic ovarian disease
|
|
1
|
30
|
30
|
+
|
+
|
|
2
|
32
|
27
|
-
|
+
|
|
3
|
25
|
26
|
-
|
+
|
|
4
|
35
|
36
|
+
|
+
|
|
5
|
30
|
26
|
+
|
+
|
|
6
|
27
|
33
|
+
|
+
|
|
7
|
26
|
28
|
+
|
+
|
|
8
|
29
|
33
|
-
|
+
|
|
9
|
32
|
30
|
+
|
+
|
|
10
|
28
|
28
|
-
|
+
|
Body Weight in PCOS Patients
Table - 2
|
S.No.
|
Age in Years
|
Group I
PCOS patients
before treatment. (kg)
|
Group II
PCOS patients
after
Siddha treatment. (kg)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
30
|
65
|
64.2
|
|
2
|
32
|
53
|
50.0
|
|
3
|
25
|
72
|
69.50
|
|
4
|
35
|
56
|
54.20
|
|
5
|
30
|
52
|
53.20
|
|
MEAN +
S.D.=59.6+14.60
|
MEAN+S.D.=58.22+13.776
|
|
S.No.
|
Age in years
|
Group I PCOS
patients
before treatment. (kg)
|
Group II PCOS
patients
after Siddha treatment. (kg)
|
|
6
|
27
|
66
|
64.3
|
|
7
|
26
|
75
|
71.0
|
|
8
|
29
|
59.5
|
56.0
|
|
9
|
32
|
78
|
77.0
|
|
10
|
28
|
67
|
60.2
|
|
MEAN + S.D.=69.1+1.924
|
MEAN+S.D.=66.06+12.416
|
Table - 3
|
S.No.
|
Group I
PCOS patients
before treatment
(μU/ML)
|
|
1
|
17.20
|
|
2
|
10.50
|
|
3
|
14.20
|
|
4
|
19.40
|
|
s
|
20.50
|
|
6
|
10.01
|
|
7
|
32.54
|
|
8
|
13.97
|
|
9
|
19.96
|
|
10
|
18.18
|
Normal value = 6 - 10 μU/ml.
Group Distribution
The 10 patients were divided into three groups.
Group-I 10 PCOS Patients, before they were given treatment.
Group-II 5 PCOS patients, who were made to take Siddha medicine only.
Group-III 5 PCOS patients, who were made to take Siddha medicine and
also exposed Yoga exercise (Kayakalpa Yoga).
Experts of the SKM trust, taught Kayakalpa Yoga Group III patients. they
should do this yogasana slowly without any swift movements.
The Siddha medicines prescribed were :
- Nillakadambu
Churanam.
- Kumari Legium.
- Ashoka Pattai
Churanam.
- Chandamarutha
Chenduram
- Agasthiar Kulambu.
Blood Collection
Before starting the study, the blood was collected from the PCOS patients and
the bio-chemical analyses were estimated. After three months of Yoga therapy,
blood samples were collected from the PCOS patients, and the bio-chemical
estimations were analyzed.
The Bio-Chemical parameters investigated were :
- Serum Insulin
level
- Ilipid profile
Results & Discussion
In the present study, serum insulin level and lipid profiles (TGL,
Cholesterol, HDL and LDL) were observed in 3 groups such as PCOS patients
(Group-1), the patients treated with Siddha medicine (Group-II) and the
patients treated with Siddha medicine and Yoga therapy (Group-III).
A total of 10 women with PCOS were studies. The age, body mass index (BMI),
menstrual problems and USG findings of these women are shown in TABLE - 1.
Their age ranged from 25-35 years. All the women had a BMI of more than 25,
Six women had presented with menstrual abnormalities and four did not. All
women except one (BMI-26) had sonographic evidence of PCOS. TABLE-2. shows
the body weight of PCOS patients before and after doing Kayakalpa yoga. Serum
insulin level :
- Table - 3 presents
the serum insulin level of PCOS patients (Group-1). High insulin level
was observed in PCOS patients as compared to control subjects.
- Serum insulin level
was found to be decreased in Group-II and Group-III. This was shown in
Table-4 and Tables-5. The serum insulin level in PCOS patients taking
Siddha medicine was found to be decreased in comparison with PCOS
patients (Table-4). But the values were not significant.
- But serum insulin
level was found to be significantly decreased in case of PCOS patients
treated with both Siddha medicine and Yoga therapy.
Lipid profiles
- Tables 6 & 7
depict the triglyceride (TGL) levels of Group II and Group III patients.
The TGL level was found to be decreased in both Group II & III
patients as compared to that of Group I patients. The data was
statistically analysed by employing student's t-test. the data was not
significant.
- The similar result
was found in cholesterol level also. In Group II & Group III
patients, low cholesterol was observed as compared to Group I patients.
The values are insignificant. (Table 8 & 9).
- The lipoproteins (LDL
& HDL) were also observed in Group II and Group III patients. The
LDL level was shown in Table 10 & 11. The HDL level was shown in
Table 12 & 13. The LDL level was lower in Group II & III, when
compared to Group I patients. But in contrast, high HDL level was
observed in Group II & III patients in comparison with Group I
patients.
Discussion
Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are the feature of PCOS, espeically
when women have associated anovulation. (Kiddy et al, 1990). Body Mass Index
(BMI) is positively correlated to serum insulin levels. Low Sex binding
globulin levels (SHBG) are also positively correlated to hyperinsulinism and
Hyperandrogensim (Rozati et al, 1999). The most common cause of insulin
resistance and hyperinsulinemia is obesity. (Seibel et al, 1984).
In the present study. high insulin level was observed in PCOS patients as
compared to the normal (Table-2). The results are consistent with the
observation made by Kiddy, 1955 and Seibel, 1984. Ducluw et al, 2003 reported
that low SHBG levels in PCOS patients are intimately associated with BMI
suggesting that some signals form the adipose tissue, independent of
adiponectin and leptin may regulate liver production of SHBG. patients were
defined as being overweight or obese. If the BMI was greater than 25 kg./sq.m
(Table I). Numerous studies show that weight loss and exercise decrease
androgen levels, improve insulin sensitivity and lead to the resumption of
ovulation. Physical exercises have been widely known to induce oxidative
metabolism in tissues. (Moorthy 1981 & Winder, 1985) and the oxidative
metabolism of the ovary is a stimulant for follicular development, (Zimmerman
et al, 1960 abd Nejerbsm 1960), A significant decrease in serum insulin level
was observing in PCOS patients after exposure to exercise (Kayakalpa Yoga).
It has been reported that Kayakalpa Yoga helps to remove unwanted fat from
our body and also helps to regulate metabolic functions by controlling
endocrine secretions. In this study, PCOS patients got good results by doing
Kayakalpa exercises. Body weight of Group II PCOS patients.
Sampalo concluded that obesity leads to hyperinsulinemia, which cause both
hyperandrogenemia and raised IGF I levels, which augment the ovarian response
to gonadotrophins. In this study the patients were obese and had high insulin
level. But after doing Kayakalpa exercise there was a decrease in body weight
and serum insulin level was controlled which in turn regulates the ovarian
pathway in PCOS patients. This observation has been in consonance with the
earlier report (Sampalo et al, 1994).
Cousin reported that women with PCOS manifest abnormal Lipid profile. This
manifestation coupled with Insulin resistance and obesity palces the patients
at high risk for Coronary Heart disease.
After the practice (Kayakalpa Yoga) TG1 level showed a slightly decrease and
HDL level showed a slight increment. Other lipid profiles such as cholesterol
and LDL levels were decreased in Group III patients as compared to Group I
patients. A change in the lipid profile indicates improvement in PCOS
patients.
"Treatment depends on a patients Goal".
Some patients require hormonal contraception. Whereas other benefit from
ovulation induction. Interruption of steady state and control of Hirsuitism
accomplish simultancously. However for patients desiring pregnancy, effective
control of hirsuitism may not be possible.
Weight reduction of obese patients with PCOS may positively affect both
menstrual abnormalities and hirsuitism. Because all medications have
potential side effects, weight loss should be the first line of treatment.
Rasgon, 2003 concluded that a high prevalence of depression among women with
PCOS was found. When interviewed the PCOS patients said that they had
depression during menstrual periods. But a change in their mood was seen
after they continuously practiced the yogasana's for three menstrual cycles.
Summary and Conclusion
Polycystic ovary is only a syndrome, not a disease, If detected in early
stages (during adolescence) it could be easily cured. The present study was
aimed to observe the bio-chemical changes in PCOS patients of reproductive
age group undergoing Kayakalpa exercise.
Last modified 2005-Sep-17 14:33
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Quotes
"For the liberation of the soul two things are essential: (1) Attachment
to material enjoyments should be neutralized, and full satisfaction
(contentment) achieved; and (2) Impressions of sins should be obliterated. In
order to achieve these two objectives, soul-consciousness is imperative. "
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