Cosmology

     About three centuries ago, as a preamble to his principle, Newton remarked : "The aim of my science is to find the cause for the effect I observe, till I arrive at the ultimate cause which is certainly not mechanical ".
     
    That great genius not only initiated the beginning of Science but also had the foresight to see where that science will end. But when Newton realised that his life is too small to touch the entirety, h 22122o1412w e remarked: " I am like a child playing with the pebbles on the seashore while the whole ocean lies before me" .
     
    It took about 200 years for the Scientific community to know that Newton had not fully understood even those pebbles. During the close of the last century, Newtonian mechanics failed , Newtons theory of light failed; everything that was precious to his heart lost its sanctity and there was confusion and despair. At this critical juncture, Einstein entered the field.
     
    Einstein was so friendly with Newton that he disagreed with everything that Newton said; his axioms and hence his results.
     
    Why Newton failed? Einstein kept on asking himself and finally observed: That Newton considered the Universe s a combination of four independent quantities i.e. space, time, matter and energy, was his philosophical error! After correctly diagnosing the illness of Newtonian mechanics, Einstein prescribed the medicine, the Special Relativity, where the four independent quantities of Newton were reduced to two: space-time and mass-energy.
     
    The success of the special theory of relativity led Einstein to the failures of the general theory of Relativity. In General Theory of Relativity, so long as he confined himself to point mass, he was successful. But when he went to deal with the Universe as a whole, he started making "Himalayan blunders" But hats off to his courage and audacity in tackling a system as big as the Universe by a wave of his pen of few inches.
     
    Prior to Einstein, nobody ever dared to ask questions like: what is the beginning, the size and the future of the Universe? Is the Universe finite or infinite ? Initially, Einstein himself was so! diffident that he thought, Universe as a whole is incomprehensible and too big to our mathematical equations. Nevertheless he proceeded, with the help of his field equations. Surprisingly he did obtain certain results about the Universe and his limited success gave him a great encouragement and the mind to say "The most incomprehensible thing about the Universe is that it is comprehensible".
     
    Einstein obtained a static model of the Universe with a finite and fixed radius. To make it static, he introduced into his equation, a term called cosmological constant to inject a repulsive force to balance the usual attractive force. Instead of allowing himself to be led by his field equations, he misled those equations by introducing the above constant and repented very much when Hubble's experiments confirmed the expansion of the Universe, contrary to his prediction.
     
    Following Einstein there came a variety of models: Milne, Friedman. Lemaitre, De sitter, Bondi and Gold; Hoyle and Narlikar, Brans, Dicke and so on - each with its own limited success. The models can be broadly classified into two groups - Big Bang models and Steady State Models. Big Bang models demand one -time creation, while Steady State Models demand continuous creation. A close inspection reveals that both the models suffer from certain conceptual difficulties. In the history of science, whenever scientists met with such conceptual difficulties, solution has always come from philosophical inputs. The revolutionary quantum concept of Max Planck; the inertia principle of Mach are some examples to quote. Philosophical thoughts have always come to the rescue of the scientists and helped them to move science in the right direction. It is these philosophical thoughts which later become mathematical equations.
     
    A careful analysis will show that every scientific theory has its thematic origin in the philosophical thought of its predecessors. The philosophical statements of Galileo about motion formed the basis for Newton's laws of motion. The philosophy of Mach's principle i.e. a particle acquire its mass due to its interaction with he rest of the matter in the Universe formed the basis for the general theory of relativity. In his autobiographical sketch, Einstein mentions that the critical reasoning required for his discovery of special relativity was decisively furthered by Mach when he said ," The whole direction of thinking of the theory of relativity is in accordance with that of Mach so that it is justifiable to consider Mach as the precursor of the general theory of Relativity".
     
    Whether a philosopher or a scientist, both are the products of the total cosmic consciousness. It is the innate desire of the consciousness in man to know his origin and destination and his desire inspires a journey of consciousness. Along this journey, we had and have philosophers and scientists walking briskly. Their destination is the same but tools are different. A philosopher uses his unbridled mind but a scientist's mind is bridled by mathematical logic and laboratory proof. Since mathematical logic restricts and puts a limitation on the free mind, scientists are not able to reach the heights which a philosopher normally reaches. So, soon a stage comes in Science when, for want of greater concepts and deeper insights, scientists reach a dead end, not knowing which way to proceed. To break this dead end, we need philosophical revelations of extraordinary insight. We need it all the more today in the field of cosmology where scientists are not even sure whether their own mathematical logic is applicable at all on such a Cosmological scale.
     
    There is also another reason why we need philosophers to come to the help of Cosmologists: In Science, Cosmology is only about 80 years old. To understand and comprehend the Universe (which as admitted by Science, exists for about 1.5,1010 years), 80 years is too short a period. It is like starting to write the biography of a person the moment he is introduced for the first time. But in philosophy, Cosmology is being discussed for quite a long time , at least for the past few thousands of years. Therefore, the accumulated wisdom in philosophy about certain Cosmological aspects may throw fresh clues for Science.
     
    We present in this paper a new cosmological model - the Vethathiri Model based on the revelations of Yogiraj Vethathiri Maharishi, a living saint of India. The source and inspirations of the theme of this paper lie in his profound books and extensive lectures. A brief version of this paper was presented in a conference on "Physical interpretation of Relativity theory" organised by the British Society of Science, London during 1996.
     

Basic Concepts Of The Vethathiri Cosmology

     
         
1. The Total is always the Total and this everlasting Total is referred to in this model as the primordial state (P.S.). The P.S. is characterized by inherent quivering consciousness, potential energy and "self-compressive force" which is totally referred to in this model as the Unified Force.
     
    2. Due to the combined action of the consciousness, potential energy and the self-compressive force, the P.S. gives rise to infinitesimal whirling wave - packets. These whirling wave-packets are hereafter referred to as Vethon particles. With the emergence of the Vethons, the cosmological, irreversible time started and with that the evolution of the universe.
     
    3. Each Vethon produces a repulsive field around it and the quanta of this field are called Yogons. This Yogon field is referred to in this model as magnetic field.
     
    4. The Vethons thus produced are compressed at all times by the self-compressive force of the P.S. to a bounded region and this bounded region defines the physical universe. Thus, the physical universe is embedded in the primordial state. As more and more Vethons are created, the extent of this region enlarges.
     
    5. In the physical universe each Vethon interacts with the other Vethons through the magnetic field and is also acted upon by the self-compressive force. As a result of these interactions, each Vethon acquires the physical property, mass.
     
    6. Given two Vethons, the self-compressive force acts to decrease the distance between them, and the repulsive Yogon field acts to maintain a distance between them.
     
    7. The Vethons evolve into various elementary particles and these elementary particles combine to form systems like elements, molecules and compounds. The number of Vethons in the system determines its massiveness and the intensity of the Yogon field between them determines the quality of the element or compound.
     
    8. As the P.S. is endowed with consciousness, every Vethon and hence every system is consequently endowed with the same consciousness, manifesting as the order of function of the system.
     
    9. The Yogon magnetic field in the system gets transformed into the various electrical,chemical and physical properties of the system.
     

Primordial State

     
         
Concepts 1 and 2 of the model presented here imply that at t=0, there was only primordial state. Let V(0) represent the total energy content of the unmanifested primordial state. At any time t, the Vethon particles produced up to that time t and the systems these Vethons have produced constitute a bounded region which we call the manifested Universe. Thus at the time t, a part of the primordial state becomes manifested. If Et is the matter energy density at any space point inside the manifested Universe then the total energy of the manifested Universe is given as:
     
    V_M(t) = _M∫E_tdλ            .......... ..... ...... ...........(1)         
                
        Where dl is the elementary volume of the manifested universe (M).

The energy density E is given as        

    E_t = ₀∫^t (dE_t / dk)dk     .......... ..... ...... ............(2)

Where (d Ek / dk) is the rate of creation per unit volume at the time , k. The grand conservation of V(0) leads to the relation,        

    V(o) = V(t) + _M∫E_t dλ       .......... ..... ...... ............(3)      
 
V(t) is the unmanifested potential of the primordial state at t.         
It must be emphasized that = ∪ Eqn. (3) represents a grand conservation of the total potential V(0) of the primordial state which is singular, omnipresent and Almighty.        

Eqn. (3) removes many of the conceptual difficulties associated with Big-Bang models and steady state models.         
The initial Big-Bang Singularity:         
In the Big-Bang models, the manifested total energy is treated as constant of time i.e.         

V_m(t) = _M∫E_t dλ = a constant  .......... ..... ...... .........(4)        

Where Et is the energy density at t.        

Going backward, as t decreases, volume of the Universe decreases and hence the energy density Et increases as a consequence of the conservation of the total manifested energy as expressed in the eqn.4. At t → 0; E_t → α a leading to a asingularity.        

In sharp contrast to this, in the Vethathiri model presented here, at t = 0 there was only primordial unmanifested state and hence the manifested energy density Et = 0. Thus, Vethathiri model is free of singularity. The primordial state is characterized by an inherent "Self Compressive force" and to understand this self compressive force, one may recall, as an analogy, the property of a liquid surface which exhibits an inherent compressive and contracting tendency leading to surface tension. This "Compressive force" the primordial Unified Force is the prime mover of evolution - first into Vethons and then into different systems. As the evolution proceeds, the manifesting physical universe embedded in the primordial state expands and hence its extent enlarges. Though our model speaks of the concept of evolution, there is no point origin and initial catastrophe. Another significant feature is that the question - "the Universe expands into what" is no longer a puzzling question in our model:     Microwave Background
     
        As Vethons emerge from the primordial state, every Vethon is in the repulsive field of the others. Due to the self compressive force of the primordial state, the Vethons are contained in a bounded region which we call the physical universe.As more and more Vethons are produced, the physical universe expands and hence the average free Vethon density remains the same. In the free Vethon medium, the Yogon magnetic field transforms into pressure which leads to a temperature. Since the Vethons have an isotropic spread, the temperature, due to them assumes an isotropic character. It is this isotropic temperature that Penzias and Wilson detected as 2.7 K in 1965. Thus, this model predicts that the microwave background of 2.7 K is homogeneous both in space and time.         
The salient features of the present Steady State Models are         
a) The expansion of the universe is deduced as a consequence of the total thermodynamical considerations.
     
    b) By the perfect cosmological principle, the average density of matter must not undergo a change and this requirement demands a continuous creation of matter.
     
    c) As the creation rate is extremely low, approximately 10-46 gm/sec/unit volume, it is utterly impossible to observe directly such a rate of creation. Hence, there will not be any observational evidence contradicting continuous creation.
     
    d) The creation referred to in this model is the formation of matter not out of radiation, but out of nothing.
     
    e) The matter is presumably created in the form of natural hydrogen atoms, but the possibilities of separate creation of electrons and protons or of the creation of neutrons cannot be excluded.
     
    f) No events in the past are required that have no counterpart now. To push the entire creation to the past is to restrict science to a discussion of what happened after creation while forbidding it to examine creation itself.        

The Vethathiri model presented here agrees with the statements (a), (b) and (f) and removes the conceptual difficulties associated with (b),(c) and (d). Statements (b),(c) and (d) apologetically accept that there is a violation of the law of conservation of energy. But, according to our eqn. (3) there is no such violation since creation of matter in our model is only a transfer of energy from the unmanifested to the manifested. Regarding the statement stand of our model is that matter is created only in the form of the primary whirling particles (wave packets) - the Vethons.