TENSES

TENSES

INDEFINITE

Present Indefinite - veiksmas, priskiriamas esamajam laikui, bet paprastai nevykstantis kalbos momentu.

Vartojamas:

Reiksti įprastiems, pasikartojantiems ar nuolat vykstantiems veiksmams dabartyje (always, often, usually, regularly, daily, every day, never, seldom, rarely, sometimes):

Nick always helps his comrades in their studies.

What time do you get up?

We seldom meet.

We have our dinner at 5 o'clock

reiksti bendriems teiginiams, nesiejant jų su laiku:

Rockets fly faster thab airplanes.

The earth goes round the sun in 24 hours.

Reiksti veiksmams arba savybėms, būdingiems veiksniui nuolat arba dabartiniu laikotarpiu:

Tom speaks English well.

His sister Mary plays the piano and sings.

I'm a schoolgirl.

Where do you live?

Jane's mother works on a dairy farm.

My little brother already goes to school.

Reiksti veiksmams (arba būsenoms), vykstantiems kalbos momentu, jeigu jie reiskiami veiksmazodziais, kurie nevartojami eigos laikais (want, like, belong, know, suppose, need, love, see, realise, mean, prefer, hate, hear, believe, understand, remember, forget, seem, sound, appear, smell, taste, wish, own, think (when the meaning is "believe 15115w223p "), have (when it is used for actions or the meaning is "possess"):   

What do you want?

I don't quite understand you.

Reiksti būsimiems (numatomiems) veiksmams arba būsenoms salutiniuose laiko ir sąlygos aplinkybių sakiniuose po jungtukų if, unless, till, until, when, as soon as, before (atitinkamuose lietuviskuose sakiniuose vartojamas būsimasis laikas):

I'll wait till you finish your breakfast.

What shall we do if it rains tomorrow?

Come and see me when you are passing my way.

Come next week unless you are very busy.

Let's wait until the rain stops.

I'll join you as soon as I can.

Pastaba.Salutiniuose papildinio sakiniuose po jungtukų if, when vartojamas Future Indefinite Tense:

Ask him ih he will go with us.

I don't know when he will return.

Reiksti is anksto numatytiems veiksmams, kurie įvyks artimiausioje ateityje (daugiausia su veiksmazodziais  to leave, to start, to come, to return, to come back, to go, to arrive):

We leave next Saturday.

The train starts at 3.45 a. m

Past Indefinite - veiksmas (būsena), vykęs kuriuo nors laikotarpiu praeityje ir nesusijęs su kalbos momentu.

Vartojamas:

Reiksti atskiriems faktams (veiksmams, būsenoms), įvykusiems praeityje ir nesusijusiems su dabartimi (kartais patikslinama aplinkybiniais zodziais yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, last summer, the other day, in 1945, five minutes ago, būtojo laiko rodikliu gali būti klausiamieji įvardziai how ir when):

I bought this book in London.

I knocked at the door, but no one answered.

How did you sleep? - I slept like a baby.

I'm sorry I was out when you called.

Where were you yesterday?

The great Russian poet Pushkin was bors in 1799.

When did you begin to study English?

How did it happen?

Reiksti kartotiniams arba įprastiems veiksmams, vykusiems praeityje ir nesusijusiems su dabartimi:

Last summer I often played chess.

When he was ill we went to see him every other day.

Pastaba. Reiksti kartotiniams veiksmams, vykusiems praeityje, vartojama taip pat konstrukcija used + infinityvas:

We used to see each other very often when I lived in Kaunas.

Taip pat reiksti įprastiniam arba tęstiniam veiksmui ar būsenai praeityje (paprastai tolimoje):

I used to know her very well when she was still in her teens.

Reiksti veiksmams ar savybėms, kurios buvo būdingos veiksniui praeityje:

Jack played chess very well when he was a small boy.

Netiesioginės kalbos salutiniuose papildinio sakiniuose, kai pagrindinio sakinio veiksmazodis vartojamas Past Indefinite laiku:

He said he lived in Parko street.

Future Indefinite - vienkartiniai, kartotini ar pastovūs veiksmai (būsenos), vyksiantys ateityje.

Vartojamas:

Vienkartiniai veiksmai, būsenos:

What will you do after the lessons?

Will you wait for me? I sahn't be long.

I'll do my best to help you.

So, you'll ring me up at five, will you?

Pastovūs ir kartotiniai veiksmai (būsenos):

I'll write to you every week.

Pastabos. 1. Klausiamojoje vienaskaitos 1-ojo asmens formoje veiksmazodis shall paprastai turi modalinę reiksmę; klausiantysi teiraujasis, ko pasnekovas nori:

Shall I go on reading?

Shall I translate the sentences into Lithuania?

2. Veiksmazodis will daznai turi modalinį pazado, ketinimo, mandagaus prasymo atspalvį:

If you'll wait a moment, I'll be back in a minute.

I won't forget what you've done for me.

Snekamojoje kalboje numatomiems būsimiems veiksmams reiksti vartojamos sios konstrukcijos:

To be going + infinityvas reiksti ketinimui (kalbant apie asmenis) arba galimybei (kalbant apie įvykius):

I'm going to write a letter to my mother.

The task is going to be more difficult than I expected.

To be sure (certain) + infinityvas reiksti įsitikinimui, kad būsimasis veiksmas įvyks:

Ann is sure to be there.

It's certain to rain.

Future Indefinite in the Past - veiksmas ar būsena, vykstantis, tebesitęsiantis kalbos momentu arba esamuoju laikotarpiu.      

Vartojamas:

Pasakojimuose apie praeities įvykius, kai netiesiogine kalba esti atpasakojami kokio nors asmens zodziai arba mintys, susiję su ateitimi:

He told me he would never repeat the same mistake.

I was sure she'd be late as usual.

Continuous

Present continuous - veiksmas (būsena), vykstantis, tebesitęsiantis kalbos momentu arba esamuoju laikotarpiu.

Vartojamas:

Reiksti veiksmui, vykstančiam kalbos momentu:

What are you doing now?

Don't you see I'm writing a lettrer?

Reiksti veiksmui (būsenai), vykstančiam esamuoju laikotarpiu, bet nebūtinai kalbos momentu:

Where are you staying now?

I hope you are enjoying your vacation?

I'm reading an intresting book.

They are building a lot of new buildings in our district.

Snekamojoje kalboje atskiriems artimiausiai ateičiai numatytiems veiksmams reiksti (ypač su veiksmazodziais to come, to leave, to stay, to call  ir issireiskimais to have guests, to give a party ir pan.):

When are you coming to see us?

She is giving a birthday party tomorrow.

We are going to the cinema this afternoon.

He's calling on me tonight.

Nuolatiniam įpročiui arba polinkiui reiksti (su prieveiksmiais always, constantly, all the time) ir reiskia nepritarimą, nekantrumą:

You're always coming late!

He's constantly getting into trouble.

Veiksmazodzio to go Present Continuous junginys su kito veiksmazodzio infinityvu vartojamas reiksti ketinimui atlikti veiksmą artimiausioje ateityje:

I'm going to present my old toys to my little brother.

Past Continuous

Vartojamas:

veiksmui, vykusiam kuriuo nors praeities momentu arba laikotarpiu reiksti. Veiksmo laikas paprastai nurodomas aplinkybiniais zodziais arba salutiniais sakiniais:

It was snowing all day yesterday.

What were you doing when I rang you up yesterday?

I wasn't expecting you quite so early.

The light went out while we were having supper.

Future Continuous

Vartojamas

Veiksmui, vyksiančiam kuriuo nors ateities momentu arba laikotarpiu isreiksti. Veiksmo laiką gali nurodyti aplinkybiniai zodziai arba kontekstas. Iskyrus kai kuriuos nusitovėjusius issireiskimus su veiksmazodziais to expect, to stay, to see ir kt., sis laikas vartojamas labai retai:

I'll be expecting you at 4 o'clock sharp.

When my train arrives, my parents will be waiting on the platform.

It's no use trying to see our teacher at 10. He will be giving a lesson at that time.

Snekamojoje kalboje Future Continuous kartais vartojamas Future Indefinite reiksme:

Will you be staying for dinner?

I'll be seeing him this afternoon.

Future Continuous in the Past

Vartojimas

I didn't call on you yesterday evening because I thought you'd be working at your composition.

Don't trouble him now! He said he'd be writing an article all day long.

PERFECT

Present perfect - parodo veiksmo, kuris įvyko praeityje rysį su dabartimi, t. y. kalbos momentu. Sis rysys paprastai pasireiskia tuo, kad būtasis veiksmas turi kokį nors reziltatą dabartyje.

Vartojamas:

Sakinuose, kuriuose nėra laiko aplinkybių:

Has the bell gone?

What mark have you got for dictation?

I'm glad you've dropped in.

I've heard so much about it.

You haven't changed at all.

Look, what nice flowers Kate has brought.

Sakiniuose su neapibrėzto laiko ar kartotinumo prieveiksmiais ar aplinkybinėmis frazėmis already, ever, never, yet, often, always, seldom, rarely, several times ir pan.:

Have you ever been to London?

We'll have to wait for Tom, he hasn't yet finished his task.

You've always been lazy, Nick. Now it's time for you to get  down to work in earnest.

I've never seen such a wonderful film.

Sakiniuose su apibrėzto laiko aplinkibiniais zodziais ir prieveiksmiais tais atvejais, kai nurodytasis laikotarpis dar nėra pasibaigęs kalbos momentu: today, this morning, this week, all day, just:

I've worked hard all day today.

I haven't  seen her today.

Sakiniuose su laiko aplinkybėmis, nurodančiomis laikotarpį, kuriuo vyko ar galėjo vykti veiksmas, pradedant kokiu nors praeities momentu ir iki pat esamojo momento: lately, for a long time, how long, so far, up to now, up to the present, for the past two hours (days, months, years), for three hours (days, months, years) ir kt., arba su aplinkybėmis, nurodančiomis tiktai tokio laikotarpio pradzią (paprastai su jungtuku since):

Have you been to the theatre lately?

I haven't seen you for ages.

We haven't met since January, have we?

So much has happened since I saw you last.

Where have you been all this time?

Ypatingą funkciją Present Perfect atlieka salutiniuose laiko ir sąlygos aplinkybių sakiniuose po jungtukų if, when, till, untill, unless, as soon as, after, before. Čia Present Perfect reiskia veiksmą, kuris baigsis tam tikru ateities momentu (turi Future Perfect reiksmę):

You'll think otherwise after (when) you've seen the film yourself.

You mustn't leave before you've put everything in order.

Past Perfect

Vartojimas:

Veiksmas, kuris įvyko ir baigėsi pries kitą būtąjį veiksmą arba pries kurį nors praeities momentą ar laikotarpį:

Yesterday he told me that he had seen Mike a week before.

He thanked me for what I have done for him.

He did as you had told him.

Jane told her friends that she had decided to become an actress.

Jane had scarcely put her head on the pillow when she fell asleep.

By noon the young tourists had climbed the mountain.

By twelve o'clock yesterday I had finished all my work.

Future Perfect

Vartojamas

Reiksti veiksmui, kuris iki tam tikro momento arba veiksmo ateityje jau bus atliktas, pasibaigęs:

By the end of the term we shall have read two English books.

Come tomorrow evening; by that time I'll have finished my work.

Future Perfect in the Past

Vartojamas

Tais pačiais atvejais kaip ir Future Perfect, bet tik netiesioginėje kalboje, po veiksmazodzių say, think, tell, write, pavartotų būtuoju laiku:

He said he would have done his task by two o'clock.

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Present Perfect Continuous

Vartojamas

Veiksmui, būsenai, kuri rasidėjo praeityje ir tęsėsi tam tikrą laikotarpį iki kalbos momento ir (arba) vis dar tebesitęsia kalbos momentu, arba pasibaigė pries pat jį:

I've been waiting for him (for) two hours.

Sakiniuose su Present Perfect Continuous paprastai vartojamos laiko palinkybės, nurodančios veiksmazodzio reiskiamo laiko ar būsenos trukmę arba pradzios momentą (for two hours (aweek, three months, ten years), for a long time, all day, all day long, how long; since

1950, since 8 o'clock, since I came here

How long have you been studying English?

I'm tired, I've been working in the garden all day long.

I've been living in London since 1985.

It's been raining since early morning.

What have you been doing since I saw you last?

Present Perfect Continuous gali būti vartojamas ir nenurodant veiksmo trukmės, jeigu is konteksto aisku, kad veiksmas prasidėjo praeityje ir tęsėsi (tęsiasi) iki dabar:

Please, excuse my dirty clothes, I've been tidying the room.

Veiksmazodzių, kurie neturi Continuous formų, Present Perfect Continuous reiksme vartojamos Present Perfect formos:

How long have you been here?

I've known Jack for five years.

Past Perfect Continuous

Vartojamas

Eigos veiksmui, kuris prasidėjo pries kurį nors praeities momentą ir tęsėsi ligi pat to momento, reiksti:

I was very tired when I went to bed for I had been working hard all day.

The news didn't surprise me for I'd been expecting it for some time past.

Future Perfect Continuous

Vartojamas

Reiksti besitęsiančiam būsimajam veiksmui, kuris prasidės pries kurį nors ateities momentą arba laikotarpį ir tęsis ligi pat to momento (laikotarpio):

By next year we shall have been living in this town for five years.

When Ann gets her diploma she will have been studying at the University for five years.

Future in the Past Perfect Continuous

Vartojamas

Netiesioginėje kalboje vietoj future Perfect Continuous, kai pagrindinio sakinio veiksmazodis-tarinys esti isreikstas būtuoju laiku:

He said that by next April his father would have been working at the factory for ten years.