Determina un verb in sensul lui concret, de baza
Determina un adjectiv
Ex: He runs quickly because he is extremely quick.
In general adverbul este terminat in "ly", dar nu tot ce are "ly" este adverb.
De regula se formeaza din adjectiv + "ly".
Modificari ortografice:
daca adjectivul se termina in "e", acesta se pastreaza "ely"
Ex: nice - nicely
Exceptii:
due - duly (datorat)
true - truly
whole - wholly
daca adjectivul se termina in "le", se transforma "e" in "y"/ "ly"
Ex: capable - capably
daca adjectivul se termina in "ll", se adauga doar "lly"
Ex: full - fully
daca adjectivul se termina in "ic", se adauga "ally"
Ex: automatic - automatically
daca adjectivul se termina in "y", indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de consoana,
se transforma in "i" si se adauga "ily"
Ex: pretty - prettily
gay - gaily
Exceptii:
shy - shyly
wry - wryly
coy - coyly (sfios)
adjectivul "good" face adverbul "well"
ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly
Ex: usually = usual + ly
bitterly = bitter + ly
awfully = awful + ly
Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)
bright = brightly
sound = soundly
fair = fairly
tight = tightly (sunt echivalente)
dear = dearly
dead = deadly
cheap = cheaply
Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.
forma in "ly" se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv
Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nu "he is dead tired").
Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get)
Ex: She bought it cheap.
dar
We traveled cheaply.
Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite
clean = complet; cleanly = intr-o maniera curata
clear = exact; clearly = intr-o maniera clara
close = apropiat; closely = indeaproape
deep = adanc; deeply = profund
direct = direct; directly = imediat
due = spre (la busola) [Ex: They went due South.]; duly = punctual
easy = usor [Ex: Take it easy!]; easily = intr-o maniera lejera
free = gratis; freely = pe sleau, deschis
full = complet; fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa
hard = greu; hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc
high = sus; highly = foarte
just = tocmai; justly = asa cum se cuvine
late = tarziu; lately = in ultima vreme
large = extins; largely = pe scara larga
most = majoritatea; mostly = cu precadere
near = langa; nearly = aproape ca
pretty = foarte; prettily = intr-o maniera draguta
right = exact; rightly = cu precizie, clar
sharp = fix; sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa
short = brusc; shortly = imediat
Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles
fast; far; early; alike; alone; past; solo; straight; next; little; outside
! daca adjectivul se termina in "ly", el devine adverb prin constructia
in a + adj + manner
Ex: He is a friendly person.
adj
He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner.
adv
coward = las (substantiv); cowardly = las (adjectiv); in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb)
Gradele de comparatie
Se construiesc astfel:
daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se fac cu "er" si "est")
Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast
daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung (cu "more" si "the most")
Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most quickly of all / very quickly
Comparatia regulata
well - better - the best
badly - worse - the worst
much - more - the most
far - farther - the farthest
- further - the furthest
near - nearer - the next
little - less - the least
late - later - the last
Adverbe de timp
ago - se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent
Ex: I saw her one hour ago.
! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before
Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before.
for - arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al actiunii. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu.
Ex: I haven't met her for two years.
! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut
Ex: I was a student for two years (I'm no longer a student).
! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)
! nu se pune "for" dupa verbele: to last, to take, to wait, to spend, to stay
Ex: I've been waiting ten minutes, (si nu I've been waiting for ten minutes).
It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).
since - arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.
Ex: I haven't met her since Monday.
Locutiuni adverbiale
subst + after + subst
day after day
year after year
month after month
during - urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care presupune actiuni paralele.
During poate fi inlocuit cu "in" daca se refera la perioade de timp
Ex: during my life = in my life
from . to - poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune cunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii
Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand)
I get up at 8 o'clock and work till 10 o'clock.
! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from . to in loc de "to"
Adverbul de mod
fairly - foarte, dar nu extraordinar
Ex: Your story is fairly interesting.
Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul la gradul pozitiv.
quite - este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere favorabila.
Ex: This car is quite cheap.
! cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie, "quite" capata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.
Ex: Your dress is quite unique.
rather - se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este = foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative.
Ex: This car is rather expensive.
Poate fi precedat si urmat de articolul "a"
Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise.
This is rather a difficult exercise.
pretty - foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)
Ex: I'm pretty tired.
very - Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau superlativ)
Ex: I do my very best.
He is very much faster than I am.
much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativul
Ex: He is much faster than I am.
by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul
Ex: He is by far the fastest of all.
too - se cupleaza cu pozitivul
Ex: He is too fast.
enough - se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el
Ex: He is fast enough for a champion.
so - se cupleaza - cu much, many, little, few + substantiv
- cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv
Ex: It is so difficult.
I have so many friends / so much money.
There is so little time left.
such - urmat de - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de "a"
- de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl
Ex: He is such a man.
They are such interesting persons.
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