ALTE DOCUMENTE
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In this unit you will learn:
Adverbs
Punctuation
Read the following fragment from Silas
Marner by George Eliot. Underline the adverbs. Can you classify them?
'Why, this is what I want- and just shake yourself sober and listen, will you?' said Godfrey, savagely. He had himself been drinking more than was good for him, trying to turn his gloom into uncalculating anger. 'I want to tell you, I must hand over that rent of Fowler's to the Squire, or else tell him I gave it you; for he's threatening to distrain for it, and it'll all be out soon, whether I tell him or not. He said, just now, before he went out, he should send word to Cox to distrain, if Fowler didn't come and pay up his arrears this week. The Squire's short o' cash, and in no humour to stand any nonsense; and you know what he threatened, if ever he found you making away with his money again. So, see and get the money, and pretty quickly, will you?' 'Oh!' said Dunsey, sneeringly, coming nearer to his brother and looking into his face. 'Suppose, now, you get the money yourself, and save me the trouble, eh? Since you was so kind as to hand it over to me, you'll not refuse me the kindness to pay it back for me: it was your brotherly love made you do it, you know.'
The adverb shows a characteristic of an event or state, a quality.
It can modify:
a verb: We are talking about your report today.
an adjective: He was bitterly disappointed.
a noun: Only John knows the whole truth.
a pronoun: Me too.
another adverb: She spoke extremely loud.
a clause: Maybe I will come to your party.
Form
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Simple adverbs |
Derived adverbs |
Compound adverbs |
Adverbial phrases |
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far |
likewise |
everywhere |
at least |
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fast |
afloat |
outdoors |
at once |
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here |
homeward(s) |
outside |
by the way |
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late |
repeatedly |
thereby |
by all means |
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near |
hardly |
therefore |
in full 616g67g |
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now |
monthly |
today |
in general |
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then |
bitterly |
tomorrow |
in all probability |
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today |
happily |
wherein |
now and then |
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well |
excellently |
wherefore |
of old |
Adverbs of manner: badly; carefully; excellently; fast
Adverbs of place: away; aboard; above; anywhere
Adverbs of time: already; after; afterwards; early
Adverbs of quantity, measure, degree and approximation: awfully; extremely; enough; little
Adverbs of frequency: always; ever; every time; again; forever
Adverbs of cause, reason, result and concession: consequently; therefore; thus; for this reason; hence; so that
Interrogative adverbs: how; where; when; wherefore; why.
Maria is writing to her friend Mary in
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Dear Mary, | |
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Thank you for your letter. Is it five months since I last wrote? |
really |
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I'm sorry, but I've been very busy. |
lately |
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I'm working for my exams. |
already |
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I've planned my revision. |
carefully |
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I work until
about |
usually |
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I've finished for today. |
just |
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I don't keep my plan. |
of course |
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I saw a marvelous film. |
yesterday |
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It was called "The English Patient". Have you seen it? |
yet |
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I don't go out. |
actually, often |
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Suzanne comes about once a week. |
here |
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We talk. |
a lot |
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I hope to
visit |
next year |
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I had a lovely time last year. |
there |
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It would be great to see you. |
again |
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I'm trying to save some money. |
hard |
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How are you? Is your apartment all right? Please reply. |
soon |
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Love, yours, Maria |
Complete the following conversation between John and Helen by choosing the correct adjective or adverb in the brackets:
John: Well, the party is going very nice/nicely, isn't it? Have one of these sausages. They taste good/well.
Helen: No, thanks.
John: You don't sound very happy/happily. And you look pale/palely. Are you all right?
Helen: I feel rather tired/tiredly. And I'm hot/hotly.
John: It is getting a bit warm/warmly in here, isn't it? Well I can easy/ easily open this window here.
Helen: Thank you. Actually, my head aches quite bad/badly, too. I think it's slow/slowly getting worse.
John: I'm sure/surely the music isn't helping too much. It seems rather loud/loudly, doesn't it? Look, would you like me to take you home?
Helen: No, that's all right, thanks. But if I could sit quiet/quietly somewhere for a few minutes, I might be OK.
John: I'll ask Susan if there's somewhere you can go.
Translate into English:
a. El a venit t rziu ieri.
b. Ea nu lipseste niciodata de la scoala.
c. Eu nu ma trezesc niciodata devreme.
d. Toata lumea se simtea fericita când s-a aflat ca el nu este vinovat.
e. Arati destul de bine. Ce ti-ai facut la par?
f. El cumpara ieftin si vinde scump.
g. Erau cam obositi, dar au decis sa continue lucrul la proiect pentru înca vreo câteva ore.
h. A ajuns acasa înaintea tatalui ei, ca de obicei.
i. Masina asta merge prea repede. Daca îi vede politia o sa-i amendeze.
j. Arati foarte trista. Ce ti s-a întâmplat?
k. Noi vorbim bine englezeste, si acceptabil franceza.
l. De-abia s-a asezat la masa de lucru ca deja s-a simtit obosit si s-a dus la culcare.
m. De îndata ce se trasesera cortinele, spectatorii au început sa ovationeze.
n. În general nu prea îmi plac prajiturile, dar astazi o sa fac o exceptie si o sa manânc.
o. Nu te apropia, este periculos sa stai lânga macara. Nu înveti niciodata când trebuie sa te feresti de pericole!
There is a considerable amount of variation in punctuation practices. At one extreme are writers who use as little punctuation as possible. At the other extreme there are writers who use to much punctuation in an effort to make their meaning clear. Here are some punctuation rules.
Sentence - Level Punctuation
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Punctuation Marks |
Guidelines |
Examples |
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Ordinaly. An indepen-dent clause is made into a sentence by beginning it with a capital letter and ending it with a period. |
Some of us think we should invest in this company. Others think it is useless. |
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Independent clauses may be combined into one sentence by using the words and, but, yet, or, nor, and so. The first clause is usually followed by a comma. |
The forecast
promised beautiful weather on the coast of the Draw the figure, and solve the problem. |
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The writer can indicate that independent clauses are closely connected by joining them with a semicolon. |
Some of us think we should invest in this company; others think it is useless |
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When one independent clause is followed by another that explains or exemplifies it, they can be separated by a colon. The second clause may or may not begin with a capital letter. |
There's only one solution: we must reduce next year's budget. The conference addresses a basic question: How can we take steps needed to protect the environment? |
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Sentences that ask a question should be followed by a question mark. |
Are they still drilling in that region? What percentage of oil have you recovered here? |
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Sentences that express strong feelings may be followed by an exclamation mark. |
Watch out! That's a rude thing to say! |
Separating Elements in Clauses
When one of the elements in a clause is compounded, that is, when there are two or more subjects, predicates, objects, and so forth, punctuation is necessary.
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Punctuation Marks |
Guidelines |
Examples |
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When two elements are compound, they are usually joined together with a words such as and, or or without any punctuation. Occasionally more than two elements are joined in this way. |
Tuition may be paid by check or charged to a major credit card. I'm taking Chemistry (and) Physics and Maths this semester. |
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Compounds that contain more than two elements are called series. Commas are used to separate items in a series, with words such as and or or usually occuring between the last two items. |
Environmentally conscious businesses use recycled paper, photocopy on both sides of a sheet, and ceramic cups. |
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When the items in a series are very long or have internal punctuation, separation by commas can be confusing, and semicolons may be used instead. |
Students were selected on the basis of grades; test of vocabulary, memory, and reading; and teacher recommendations. |
Word - Level Punctuation
The punctuation covered so far is used to clarify the structure of sentences, There are also punctuation marks that are used with words.
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Punctuation Marks |
Guidelines |
Examples |
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The apostrophe is used with nouns to show possession. |
The company's management resisted the union's demands. |
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An apostrophe is used in constructions to show where letters or numbers have been omitted. |
He's; didn't;
let'; Ma'am; 45's; ABC's. |
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A period is used to mark shortened forms like abbreviations and initials. |
Prof. J. K.
Lawrence; 24 ft., |
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A hyphen is used to end a line of text when part of a word must be carried over the next line |
... insta - bility |
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Hyphens are sometimes used to form compound words |
twenty-four, self-confidence |
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When two modifiers containing hyphens are joined together, common elements are often not repeated. |
The study included first- and second-year students. |
Other uses of Punctuation Marks
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Punctuation Marks |
Guidelines |
Examples |
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When writers use the exact words of someone else, they must use quotation marks to set them off from the rest of the text. |
In 1841, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote "I hate quotations. Tell me what you know." |
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If part of a quotation is omitted, the omission must be marked with points of ellipsis. When the omission comes in the middle of a sentence, three points are used. When the omission includes the end of one or more sentences, four points are used. |
She told him the following: "If you want to settle down, to get a proper job, to find the proper wife... you should give up your selfish ideas." "Work of the tyre that B.W.R.A. is doing is of greatest value when carried out in a sufficiently comprehensive pattern, and it is much to be hoped that the framers of codes will give it full weight .... There are many factors which affect a pressure vessel of the types commonly used." |
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When writers insert something within a quoted passage, the insertion should be set off with brackets. |
"In a fault, it [the crust of the earth] has cracked and caused different layers of rock to slip." |
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The dash can be used to indicate hesitations in speech. |
"Well uh I'd like to try again if you let me", he offered. |
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