Conjunctia (The Conjunction)

Conjunctia (The Conjunction)

Conjunctia este partea de vorbire care leaga cuvinte sau propozitii. Conjunctiile pot fi:

a) coordonatoare - c nd leaga 2 propozitii
de acelasi fel;

b) subordonatoare - c nd leaga o
propozitie principala cu una secundara

a) Conjunctii coordonatoare

M and si; iar 2] or = sau

b) Conjunctii subordonatoare

1/ as = ca; ca si; si; c t; c t si; cum; precum; asa cum; dupa cum; pe c nd; n timp ce; ntruc t.

Compusii lui as:

a. - as well as = precum si; ca si

Ex.: My brother, as well as my sister, are students. = Fratele meu precum si sora mea sunt studenti.

b. - as much as = dupa c t; at t c t

c. - as faras dupa c t; at t c t

Ex.: As much as l know him... l As far as l noiy him... = Dupa c t/ At t c t l cunosc...

d. - in as much as = ntr-at t, ntruc t

in as / (so) far as

Ex.: in as much as l know him l In as far as i Know him, = ntruc t l cunosc

In as much as l am concerned / In as far l w concerned = ntruc t/ n ceea ce ma ^priveste _{pe m}i_ne

2/ such = astfel

.: Such a m n = Un astfel de barbat such as = precum; ca (urmeaza

enumerare)

4/ as such = ca atare; deci; asadar

5/ that = ca (poate fi omis)

Ex.: l knew (that) ne v/as a good boy. = stiam ca e (un) baiat bun.

Concesive

1/ a. although = desi; cu toate ca b. though = desi, cu toate ca

a. sta la nceputul propozitiei

b. sta n mijlocul frazei

a. sti/l = totusi (la nceputul propozitiei secundare)

b. yef = cu toate ca, totusi

3/ a. nevertheless = cu toate acestea (la nceputul propozitiei secundare)

b. all the same = cu toate acestea

c. however = totusi, nsa, cu toate acestea
(fie la nceput, fie dupa primul sau al doilea
cuv nt ntre virgule)

Ex.: It is raining hard, yet (still; neverthe­less however) l shall go home. = Desi ploua tare, totusi ma voi duce acasa

Although It is raining hard, l shall go home all the same.

4/ // = daca (conditie)

5/ whether = daca (dubiu)

B/ why = de ce?

71 that is why = iata de ce

that's why = d-aia (familiar)

8/because = din cauza ca; fiindca; pentru ca

9/ for = caci

10/ since = fiindca ntruc t; din moment ce; de vreme ce; dat fiind ca; dat fiind faptul ca

17Q

nstructii corelative cu pronume, conjunctii si adverbe

. either... or... = saU sau ... x.: You are either a bd>y oragirl. = Esti sau sau fata

e is either rich or ppoor. = El este sau sau sarac.

neither... nor... = niici... nici... <.: l am neither hungry nor tired. = Nu iici flam nd, nici obosit. am neither gay nor s*>ad. = Nu sunt nici nici trist.

both ... and... = at t ... c t si... r.; Both my brother ,snd my sister are its. = At t fratele cart si sora mea sunt iti.

)th the teacher and th& students are tired uch a difficult lesson- = At t profesorul elevii sunt obositi dup'a o astfel de lectie

notonly ... butalso ... nu numai... ci

;i...

.: / am not only tired, t?ut also hungry. =

u numai obosit, ci si flam nd.

^rs not only snowing buf # is also raining.

linge numai, dar si plcnua

(to be) an adept in/ at (doing) smth. = (_af|, expert n (facerea unui lucru); ase pricepe bi_nj de minune la ceva

adequate to = potrivit pentn,, corespunzator pentru (sau + dat.)

in the afternoon = dupa-amiaza; on (y,
etc.) afternoon, on the afternoon of that cfey ^
n dupa-amiaza aceea, n dupa-amiaza acei zile '

to amountio = a se ridica/ cifra (la o suma etc.); a nsemna, a reprezenta

(to be) answerable for = (a fi) raspunzator pentru; a raspunde pentru; a da seama pentru an approach to = o abordare/ tratare a (unei teme etc.)

appropriate to = adecvat/ potrivit pentru to assist in = a ajuta la to attemptto + inf. = a ncercasa (+ subj) attempt at + subst. sau attempt to + inf. = ncercare de a face un lucru attentive to = atent la attitude towards/ regarding = atitudine fata de/ n privinta (+ gen.)

(to be) aware of = (a fi) constient de, a-si da seama de; a cunoaste, a sti

itexte minimale curante ale unor
vinte precedate sa ui urmate de
inumite prepozitii, c onjunctii, ,.,
constructii *

in the beginning = la nceput; at the begin-ning of = la nceputul (+ gen.)

to benefit by = a profita/ a beneficia de; a trage foloase de pe urma (+ gen.)

to (derive/ have) benefit from = a bene­ficia/ a profita de

afaound in = a abunda n (ceva), a fi plin

vea/ a prezenta (ceva) din belsug

be) absorbed in = a fi Absorbit de; a se

a/ a fi cufundat n (lectura etc.)

'jndance of = abundenta/ belsug de

jndant in = bogat n; to be abundant in

3a (ceva) din belsug

iccount for = a explica; a justifica; a da

de

iccustom to = a deprinde cu

get) accustomed to (doing something)

deprins sa (faca + subj.); a se deprinde

tiune/ un lucru)

zcquaint with = a ncunostinta de; a

curent cu; a informa despre/ n privinta

be) acquainted with = (a fi) la curent i, a cunoaste, a avea cunostinta despre

capability of/ for + subst. sau to + inf. -capacitate de (+ subst. sau inf.)

capable of + subst. sau to + inf. = capabil de + inf. sau subst.

care for = grija pentru/ de; to take care of = a se ngriji/ a avea grija de; a ngriji (+ subst.)

certain of = sigur de

certainty of = certitudine/ siguranta n privinta (+ gen.)

characteristic of = caracteristic/ tipi^c pentru

from childhood , from a child= nca din copilarie, nca de c nd era copil

under/ in the circumstances (of) = ^irl mprejurarile date/ acelea etc.

to collaborate with smb. in (doing) smth-^f. a colabora cu cineva la ceva/ la facerea un" lucru

comment on/ upon = comentariu la/ _0spre/ asupra (+ gen.)

to comment on/ upon = a comenta, a

^d'^SCfo compensate for = a compensa (o

naaub etc.); a despagubi (pentru) (a f i)

P ⁹ /_fo bej composed of = compus din; a se

compune din

fo concentrate on = a se concentra asupra

conception of = conceptie despre/ n privinta (+ gen.)

concern about = preocupare/ ngrijorare fata de/ n privinta (+gen.)

concern in = interes pentru; concern with preocupare/ interes pentru/ fata de

(fo be) concemed in = (a fi) interesat/ preocupat de; (fo be) concemed with = (a fi) preocupat de; a se ocupa cu/ de

concomitance with = simultaneitate/ con­comitenta cu/ fata de

concomitant with = concomitent/ simultan

cu

in/ under fnese conditions = n aceste conditii; on condition that = cu conditia ca; on that condition = numai cu aceasta conditie

fo be conductive to = a duce la, a avea drept rezultat

to congratulate smb. on smth. = a felicita pe cineva pentru ceva

fo consist in smth. = a consta n; fo consist of several elements = a consta/ a fi alcatuit din mai multe elemente

to be consistent with = a f i consecvent fata de/ sau + daf.

consistence/ consistancy with = consec­venta fata de; armonie/ acord cu

in contrast with = n contrast cu

fo contribuie to = a contribui la; a colabora ^la (o publicatie)

contribution to = contributie/ aport la; colaborare la (o revista etc.)

(fo bej conversant with = (a fi) familiar/ amiliarizat cu; (a fi) stap n pe; a cunoaste ^T arte bine; (a fi) la curent cu

fo cooperate with smb. in (doing) smth. =

colabora cu cineva la ceva/ la facerea unui 'ucru

fo cope with = a face fata la; a rezolva; a "^e lupta de la egal la egal cu

on (that, etc.) day = n ziua aceea; in a (single) day = ntr-o singura zi

fodea/in = a vinde, a f ace negot de/cu; fo deal with = a se ocupa de; a trata (un subiect, o problema

fo debate on a subject = a discuta/ a dezbate o tema

debate on (smth.) = dezbatere/ discutie despre/ legata de

deficiency in = lipsa de; deficiente n

(to be) deficient in = (a fi) sarac n; (a fi) lipsit de; a duce lipsa de

to a (certam, etc.) degree = ntr-o (oarecare) masura ntr-un grad (oarecare)

fo depend on/ upon = a depinde de; a fi dependent de; a se bizui pe

(fo be) dependent on/ upon = (a fi) de­pendent de; a depinde de

(fo be) deprived of = (a fi) lipsit de; a-i lipsi (+ nom.)

(to be) devoid of = (a fi) lipsit de, a nu avea, a-i lipsi (+ nom.); fara

difference in opinion(s) = deosebire de vederi; diferenta/ diferente de opinii; difference from smth. = deosebire/ diferenta (fata) de

(fo be) different from = (a fi) deosebit/ diferit de; a se deosebi/ a diferi de; a nu se asemana cu

discussion on/ of (subject) = discutie despre (+ acuz.)/asupra/ n privinta (c+ugen.)

(as) distinct from = deosebit/ distinct de; spre deosebire de; n contrast cu

fo distinguish between smth. and smth. e/se; fo distinguish smth. from smth. e/se = a deosebi/ a distinge ceva de altceva; a face distinctie/ deosebire ntre un lucru si altul

(fo havel to harbour) doubts about/ as to = (a avea) ndoieli/ dubii n privinta/ asupra (+ gen.)

(fo oej eloquent of = (a fi) graitor pentru; a ilustra ( n mod graitor)

fo oe employed in smth./ sau on/ for doing smth. = a fi angajat ntr-o actiune; a se ocupa de ceva; a fi n curs de a face ceva

in fne end = la sf rsit; n cele din urma; at fne end of = la sf rsitul/ capatul/ terminarea (+ gen.)

in fne evening = seara; on an/ fnaf eve-nlng, on fne evening of that day = n seara

aceea, n seara acelei zile

to a (certa/n/ great) extent = n (oarecare/ mare) masura

to feed on smth. = a se hrani/ alimenta/ a trai cu ceva

(to have) a feeling of smth. = (a avea) sentimentul naturii etc.;

(to have) a feeling for smb. = a compatimi pe cineva, a vibra pentru cineva

(to be) fit for = (a fi) potrivit pentru

at the front = pe front; in front of = n fata (+ gen.)

(to be) fu/l of = (a fi) plin/ ticsit etc. de; a abunda n; a avea (ceva din belsug)

ceta; to inquire after smb. = a ntreba de/ _{a s}, interesa de cineva; a ntreba/ a se interesa & sanatatea cuiva

to insist on smth.l that smth. is/ should/ m,,
bedone, etc. = a insista asupra (+gm)/s _s
faca un lucru etc. ^e

insistence on smth./ that smth. is/ shouiai will be done = insistenta asupra/ n privinta u gen.)/ sa se faca un lucru etc.

irrespective of = indiferent de, fara a tin_e seama de

K

(to be) keen on (doing) smth. = atine muli la ceva/ a tine mortis sa faca un lucru/ a avea/ a manifesta mult interes/ zel pentru

(to be) grateful to smb. for smfn. = (a-i fi) recunoscator/ a purta recunostinta cuiva pentru ceva

gratefulness/ gratitude to smb. for smth. = recunostinta/ gratitudine fata de cineva pentru ceva

H

hope of smth.l that + propozitie = speranta n ceva/ ca se va nt mpla etc. ceva

to hope tor + subst./ that + propozitie/ to + ini. = a spera ( n) ceva/ ca ceva se va "nt mpla etc./ sa faca etc. ceva

I

(to be) /Ilustrative of = (a fi) simptomatic/ simbolic/ graitor pentru/ n privinta (+ gen.); a lustra (convingator)

incapacity for smth.l to + ini. = in­capacitate/ neputinta de a face un lucru

(to be) incapable of = (a fi) incapabil de + 'nf.f sa + sub/.; a nu putea sa + st/6/,

(to be) independent of = (a fi) indepen­dent/ neat rnat/ autonom de; a nu depinde de

fio be) indicative of = (a fi) graitor/ simp-omatic pentru; a indica, a demonstra; a sugera

(to be) indifferent to = (a fi/ a se arata) ndiferent la/ fata de; a nu-i pasa de; a nu-l nteresa (+ nom.)

indispensable to = indispensabil pentru sau + dat.)

inherent in = inclus (din capul locului) n; l scut n; caracteristic/tipic pentru (sau + dat.)

to inquire into = a se interesa de, a cer-

to laugh at smth.l smb. = a r de de ceva/ cineva; a se amuza pe socoteala (+ gen.); to laugh with/for/oy = a r de de bucurie to liberate from = a elibera de Iove of/for = dragoste pentru; to be in Iove with = a fi ndragostit de; a tine mult la

M

In the market = pe piata

(to be) master of = (a fi) stap n pe

in a (large, etc.) measure = n (mare etc.) masura

to merge with = a fuziona cu; a se mbina cu

by mistake - din greseala

at the/ that moment = n momentul acela/ respectiv; pe atunci

in fne morning = dimineata; on (nat moffl-ingl on fne morning of that day = n dimineata aceea; n dimineata acelei zile

N

necessary for smb. = necesar cuiva; necessafy to smth. = necesar/ trebuincios pentru ceva

at night = seara t rziu; noaptea; by n/g'¹' = pe ntuneric, noaptea

notab/e lor = vestit/ renumit/ remarcat'¹ pentru

to obiect to = a obiecta/ a se mpotrivi &< a ridica obiectii mpotriva (+ gen.)

(to raisel to mato) obiection to = (a ridic⁸'

aduce o) obiectie la; a obiecta la/ mpotriva

/+ gen.)

opinion of/ on = parere/ opinie despre/ cu

nrivire la/ n privinta (+gen.)

opportunity for smth.l of doing smth.l to + / = prilej pentru ceva/ de a face ceva/ sa faca

ceva

to originale in = a fi generat de, a proveni/

_{a s}e naste din, a-si avea originea n from the outside = din/ de afara on the outskirts of = la periferia/ marginea

(+ gen.)

owing to = din pricina (+ gen.) datorita (unui lucru, mai ales negativ)

(o take part in / to participate in = a par­ticipa/ a lua parte la

participation in = participare la; cota-parte

din

particular/ peculiar to = propriu/ specific (+ dat.)

preoccupation with = preocupare/ ngrijorare n privinta (+ gen.)/ cu privire la/ din pricina (+ gen.)

to profit by; (to receivel to derive) profit from = a profita/ a beneficia de

on smb. 's proposal = la propunerea cuiva

(to be) quick at/ about (doing smth.) = a fi iute/ ndem natic la ceva/ n a face ceva

to range smb./ smth. with smb./ smth. e/se = a clasa/ a plasa pe cineva/ ceva pe acelasi plan cu altcineva/ altceva; a pune pe acelasi plan

to rank with = a se situa printre/ alaturi de fo reckon on smb./ smth. = a miza/ a se bizui pe

re/iance on = bizuire/ ntemeiere pe; ^Credinta/ speranta n

to re/y on/ upon = a miza/ a se bizui pe, ^a si pune sperantele n, a nadajdui n

representative of = reprezentativ/ tipic/ caracteristic pentru

fesemblance to = asemanare cu

tesistance to = rezistenta la; mpotrivire/ ^rt*'stentafatade

In respect of; with respect to = n privinta ^ 9en.), c t/ n ceea ce priveste (+ acuz.); cu

privire la

responsibility to smb. for smfn. = raspun­dere/ responsabilitate fata de cineva/ n fata cuiva pentru ceva

to resu/f from = a rezulta/ a proveni din; to result in = a avea drept rezultat, a produce, a genera

to reveal smth. to smb. = a dezvalui ceva cuiva

(to be) rich in = (a fi) bogat n; a avea/ a poseda din belsug

(fo bej satisfied with = (a fi) multumit de;

(to be) satisfied of (+ subst.)/ that (+

propozitie) = (a fi) convins de un lucru/ ca

(ceva este adevarat); a ajunge la convingerea

ca (ceva este adevarat)

search for = cautare (+ gen.)

to search for = a cauta, a fi n cautarea (+

gen.)

sens/tiVe to = sensibil/ simtitor la

at the sight of = la vederea (+ gen.); at

firstsight = la prima vedere; (to know) by sight

(a cunoaste) din vedere; (to comej in sight

(a se apropia destul ca sa fie) vizibil, a se ivi;

(to be) out of s;ghf = (a disparea) din vedere,

a nu se mai vedea

similar to = asemanator/ similar (+ dat.) similarity to = asemanare/ similitudine cu skill in = ndem nare/ abilitate n (a face

ceva); pricepere la; calificare pentru/ ntr-un

domeniu

(to be) slow at (doing) smth. = (a fi) ncet

la (facerea unui lucru); a avea o ncetineala n

(facerea unui lucru)

to speak to/ with smb. = a vorbi cu cineva;

a vorbi cuiva

to split into = a despica/ a desface n to spring from = a izvor din; a se naste

din; a fi generat de/ a-si avea sursa/ originea n (to be) subject to = (a fi) supus la (+ dat.) to subject to = a supune la (sau + dat.) at smb.'s suggest/on = la sugestia/

propunerea cuiva

suitable for/ to = potrivit pentru;

corespunzator (unui scop etc.)/ convins de (to be) sure of = (a fi) sigur de; a se bizui

pe; a fi convins de

to talk with/ to = a sta de vorba/ a face conversatie/ a vorbi cu

thanks to = multumita / datorita (+ dat.) at the / that time - pe vremea aceea; n

nentul acela (to be) typical of = (a fi) tipic / caracteristic

tru (sau + dat.); a caracteriza (+ acuz.)

U

(to be) unab/e to - (a fi) incapabil sa; a nu sa sa (to be) usedto - (a fi) deprins / familiarizat

usefulto = util / folositor pentru (sau + dat.)

to vie with = a rivaliza cu in view of = dat fiind ca; data fiind (situatia ); with a view to = with the view of = n erea (unui scop etc.)

W

a wea/th of = belsug / abundenta de

ingood/feac/etc. weather= pe vreme buna

i etc.

(to be) worth doing etc. - a merita sa fie

t, a merita osteneala etc.

to be worth of = a fi demn / vrednic de (+

sf.), a merita (sa fie premiat etc.)

Constructiile cu there is" si it is"

A)  Constructiile de tipul there is l there w_dsl
there are /there were se folosesc aproape ev
clusiv cu verbul to be pentru a indica existem
concreta a unor lucruri, fenomene, persoan
etc. ( n schimb, elementele care se masoara
timp, distanta, temperatura etc. - se exprima cj
ajutorul constructiei itis.) De asemenea, verbul
to be poate aparea ca al doilea element _a|
predicatului, l nga subiectul introductiv there
st nd can, may, must, seem, appear etc. tj[a\
apar dupa there verbele to come si to arrive n
special pentru anuntarea - (aproape) excla­
mativa - a unei sosiri. Nu este indicata folosirea
diatezei pasive dupa subiectul introductiv there
(Ex.: There have been done many things.), n.
trucat asemenea constructii sunt rare n en­
gleza (formulele normale folosesc, dupa cum e
si firesc, subiectul gramatical - respectiv comple­
mentul direct al verbului tranzitiv - drept subiect
al constructiei pasive: Many things have been
done.).

B)     lata c teva exemple de folosire a con­
structiilor de tipul there is:

Subiectul formal = "There" + verb	Subiect logic
fhere will be	hardly any objection to the proposal.
fhere was	practically no participation in the discussion.
Do you think there be	anybody to meet us at the station?
"here could be	no more talking about it.
vre there	no other proposals?
iave there been	any further developments in this matter?                                               ___
"here ought to be	a better solution.                                                                                .
'here may be	some delay in his reply .                                                                    .
'here will come	a day when you'll regret it. (Viitorul poate fi folosit n secundare atributive^

Z) Constructiile cu it sunt de mai multe

(vezi functiile pronumelui it). n afara folo-

ui ca subiect impersonal (pentru exprima-

impului, a trecerii timpului, a fenomenelor

ale si meteorologice, a distantelor si a

lucrurilor n general), it se foloseste ca

jet introductiv de doua feluri:

1) anticipativ (adica anticipeaza subiectul logic / real care este exprimat printr-o construc­tie infinitivala sau gerundiala ori printr-o propo­zitie subiectiva - dar niciodata printr-un sub­stantiv sau nume propriu); 2) de subliniere^ ntarire (emphatic - adica pentru scoatere n evidenta / pentru subliniere / ntarire / reliefare-

Constructii cu i t Introductiv anticipativ

5Lipiact formal =	Subiect logic =
Anticipativ + verb	constructie infinitivala/ gerundiala sau propozitie subiectiva
|t seemed	that going on the trip was out of the question.
. Does It actually nnatter itseems	when 1 saw him?
	(that) he nas changed his mind.
4 it seemed	that he h d gone out.
it (so) happened	that 1 didn't much like the book.

Subiect formal = H anticipa­tiv + to be - verb copulativ	Nume predicativ = adjectiv sau substantiv	Subiect logic = constructie infinitivala
1. It is	fantastic	to nave achivied to much.
2. It was	a great honour	to speak to him.
3. It was not	very easy	to do that.
4. It would be	much wiser	to take his advice.
5. It certainly was	a mistake	to answer in a hurry.
6. It will be	useless	to try again.
7. It is	so kind of you	to nave come.

It + to be = subiect formal + verb copulativ	Nume predicativ = adjectiv sau substantiv	Subiect logic = constructie gerundiala
Llt's	nouse	bothering (him) about it.
2. It's	no good	your bothering about it.
3j_don'tthinkitis	much good	trying to persuade him now.
4. It was	a rather difficult job	getting   him to do whatever was necessary.
5. It's	fairly difficult	your/ (familiar) you doing everything within such a short time.

It + to be (subiect formal) + verb copulativ	Nume predicativ (adjectiv sau substantiv)	Subiect logic (propozitie subiectiva
1 . It is	wonderful	-J (that) you have managed to come after all
2. It was	rather a pity	(that) you were unable to join us.
3. It is	unfortunate	(that) the weather is so cold.
4. It was indeed	improbable	that he would come in time.
5. It's really	a wonder	that he didn't cause a traffic accident.
6. It's	doubtful	whether l can manage to finish the job by Monday.
7. It's	very likely	that the workers will try to make a fine job of it.
8. It was	splendid news	that our team h d done so well in the international competition.
9. It's	rather str nge	that he hasn't got a better mark.
10. Itis	a matter of (great) doubt	whether he will agree with you in this matter.

Subiect formal = It + to be copulativ	Nume predicativ = adjectiv/ substantiv	Subiect logic = for + acuzativ + infinitiv lung
1. It's	hard	for her to keep up with her colleagues.
2. It was	easy	for me to see what you were preparing in that crucible (creuzet).
3. It's	unusual	for women to be only housewives nowadays.
4. It's	the custom	for guests to be received with bread and salt in Rom nia.
5. It's	not uncommon	for him to sit up late reading.
6. It's	wrong	for you to judge people by appearances. __

de ntarire + tobe	Parte de propozitie subliniata reliefata	Restul partilor de propozitie
it'fi/ It iS	he (subiect real)	who scored the goal.
n it \fJQS	his sister (comp/, dir.)	(that/ whom) 1 met in the hali.
o it was	to him (compl. indlr.)	that 1 spoke, not to her.
k is/ It's	about you (compl. prep.)	that 1 was talking, not about him.
5. It is	(but) reluctantly (compl. circ. de mod)	that 1 gave my consent.
6. It was	by a frightful storm (compl. circ. de mprejurari auxiliare)	that he arrived at the chalet. (= cabana
7. lt is/ It was	in order to meet him (compl. circ. de scop)	that 1 took such a long trip.
8. It is/ It was	because of him (compl. circ. de cauza	(that) 1 missed the performance.