Reading

Read the following poem belonging to Rudyard Kipling. Pay attention to if clauses. Translate the poem into Romanian.

If

If you can keep your head when all about you

Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;

If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,

But make allowance for their doubting too:

If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,

Or, being lied about, don't deal in lies,

Or being hated don't give way to hating,

And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise;

If you can dream- and not make dreams your master;

If you can think- and not make thoughts your aim,

If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster

And treat those two impostors just the same:

If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken

Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,

Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,

And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools;

If you can make one heap of all your winnings

And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,

And lose, and start again at your beginnings,

And never breathe a word about your loss:

If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew

To serve your turn long after they are gone,

And so hold on when there is nothing in you

Except the Will which says to them: "Hold on!"

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,

Or walk with Kings- nor lose the common touch,

If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,

If all men count with you, but none too much:

If you can fill the unforgiving minute

With sixty seconds' worth of distance run,

Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,

And- which is more- you'll be a Man, my son!

Ways with Words

.If neither foes nor loving friends.

Distinction should be made between foe, enemy and opponent, antagonist, adversary.

Enemy and foe agree in denoting a person or body of persons that is hostile or that manifests hostility to another.

Enemy stresses the antagonism that arises from a cherished hatred or a desire to harm or destroy, but it may suggest nothing more than active or evident dislike.

He is a man with many friends and no enemies.

Foe implies active enmity either literally or figuratively. Foe is a more literary and poetic word than enemy.

He is the foe of all reform measures.

Unlike the former group the latter does not necessarily imply personal animosity or hostility.

Opponent is one who is on the opposite side in a contest or in a conflict of opinion.

Adversary implies not only the idea of mere opposition but active hostility.

Antagonist implies sharper opposition in a struggle for supremacy or control.

Read the following line: But make allowance for their doubting too. Which word does allowance come from? We call -ance a suffix.

Let's read a list of suffixes which are used in order to form nouns:

- acy  eg: democracy, diplomacy, accuracy

- age eg: passage, marrige

- ance / - ancy, -ence, -ency eg: utterance, appearance, ascendency, preference

- ard / -art eg: sluggard, drunkard, braggart

- ation eg: examination, translation, identification

- dom eg: wisdom

- ee eg: refugee, employee

- eer eg: mountaineer, engineer,

- er, -or eg: teacher, dancer, singer

- ery eg: backery, slavery, fishery

- ess eg: actress, hostess, tigress

- hood eg: neighbourhood, childhood

- ism eg: realism, scepticism

- ist eg: satirist, violonist, romanticist

- ity eg: adversity, probability

- let eg: hamlet, booklet

- man eg: Englishman, fisherman

- ment eg: improvement, movement,

- ness eg: greateness, sadness

- ship eg: friendship, leadership

- ure eg: agriculture, departure

Now practise them and find other words for each of them.

Grammar Reference

First Conditional

It is used to express a possible condition and a probable result in the future:

If my cheque comes, I'll buy this car.

We'll destroy the environment if we don't look after it.

If he passes the baccalaureate, he'll go to university.

Form

No future tense occurs in the conditional clause. This is replaced by the present simple. However, we can also use: present continuous, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, can, should. Will / would can be used to express polite requests or insistence:

If you will wait for a moment, I'll wrap it for you. (request)

If you will go on smoking, you'll get worse. (insistence)

The main clause usually has the verb in the future with will/shall. However, we can also use: 'be going to' future, future continuous, future perfect, imperative, can/could, may/might, should/ought to, must.

Affirmative and negative

If I work hard, I'll pass my exams.

If he's still waiting for you, he must be very hungry.

If Paul has received your letter, he must phone you today.

If you are late, we won't wait for you.

If I should see him, I'll tell him the good news.

If it's been raining, you'll have to wear boots.

Note: When we use if +should, the condition is less likely to be performed.

Interrogative

What will  you do if you don't go to any university?

Where will she go she can't find a job in the petroleum field?

Second Conditional

It is used to express an unreal or improbable condition (hypothetical condition) and its probable result in the present or future. The condition is unreal because it is different from the facts that we know. We can always say But...

If I were Prime Minister, I'd increase taxes on properties such as castles, palaces, ranches, etc. (But I'm not Prime Minister.)

If I lived in a big house, I'd have a party. (But my house is very small.)

Form

The verb in the main clause is in the present conditional (would+infinitive); the verb in the conditional clause is in the present subjunctive which is similar to the past simple with the exception of the verb to be which becomes were for all the persons.

Affirmative and negative

If I had more money, I would ('d) /could buy a new computer. /go out more often.

If she knew/ were to know the answer, she would tell it to us immediately.

If I didn't have debts, I wouldn't have to work so hard.

Interrogative

What would you do if you were me?

Which countries would you visit it you travelled round the world?

Third Conditional

It is used to express impossible (unfulfilled) condition referring to the past; it contradicts reality, which can no longer be changed. The condition is highly hypothetical.

Form

The verb in the main clause is in the past/perfect conditional (would+ have+ the third form of the verb), while the verb in the conditional clause is in the perfect subjunctive (a form similar to past perfect). However, we can also use the past perfect continuous or could + perfect infinitive in if clause, whereas in the main clause we can use the modals could and might before the perfect infinitive.

Affirmative and negative

If I had had more money, I would ('d) have bought this 212c24c elegant car.

If she had known the answer, she would have passed the exam.

If I hadn't made so many mistakes, I wouldn't have failed the driving license test.

If the ambulance had come sooner, he might have been /could have been saved.

If he had been travelling in that car, he could have been killed.

Interrogative

What would you have done if you had seen such a wonderful movie?

Which countries would you have visited if you had travelled round the world?

Notes:

• In reported speech, the verb tenses of first conditional sentences change in the usual way, whereas with second and third conditionals the tenses remain unchanged.
• Besides if, conditionals can also be introduced by other conjunctions:

on (the) condition that, even if, even though, when, providing (that), provided (that), as/so long as, suppose, supposing, since, as, unless, but for + gerund/noun, assuming (that), if only.

Mixed Conditionals

In addition to the tense variations we can use in the first, second and third conditionals, it is also possible to mix conditionals. The context defines the meaning.

The most common mixed conditional is:

If + past perfect would/could/might + infinitive

If I had worked harder at university, I would have a degree now.

Other types:

If you come to the party tomorrow, I wouldn't bring Mary with you.

If he is honest, he would have told the truth.

If she loved him, she would have stayed with him.

Implied Conditionals

Conditionals are not always expressed in the form of conditional clauses, particularly in spoken English:

Please come out with us tonight. I'm sure you'll enjoy it. (implied condition: If you come out with us, .)

With a bit more help (if I had more help), I would have finished it on time.

I'm sure we'd really have a good time with you (if we went), but we just can't afford a holiday

I'm glad you didn't tell Mathew about this. He would have been furious. (if you had told him)

Inversion in If-Clauses

When there is should, were or had in the if-clause, the subject and the auxiliary verb can be inverted and if is omitted.

If he should ring, tell him to come at 8.00. / Should he ring, .

If I were you, I wouldn't say that. / Were I you, .

If I had known earlier, I wouldn't have done such a thing. / Had I known earlier, .

Controlled Practice

Answer the following questions with conditional sentences of the real type:

a. What happens if you don't pass this exam?

b. What presents will you buy if you go to that party?

c. What grade do you expect to get if you write a good paper?

d. What do you need to learn if you want to get that job?

e. What will you tell him if he asks you about your accident?

Translate the following sentences into English:

a. Dacă voi putea, te voi ajuta la proiectul de an. 

b. Dacă voi sti răspunsul, o să ti-l spun. 

c. Dacă vrei să ne însotesti, esti binevenit.

d. Voi pleca în vacantă dacă voi avea bani.

e. Vei învăta mai bine dacă accepti să te ajut.

Put if, when, or as soon as into each gap, and put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense:

John: Bye, darling. Have a good trip.

Maria: Thanks. I (ring) you ... I (arrive) at the hotel.

John: Good, but remember I'm going out.

Maria: Well, ... you (be) out ... I (ring), I (leave) a message on the answer phone so you know I've arrived safely.

John: Great. What time do you expect you'll be there?

Mary: ... the plane (arrive) on time, I (be) at the hotel at about 10.00. That's 8.00 your time.

John: All right. And remember. Give me a ring .. you know the time of your flight back, and I (pick) you up.

Maria: Thanks, darling. Bye!

Translate the following sentences into Romanian:

a. If I knew it, I would have told you the truth.

b. If she helped me I wouldn't be late to work.

c. If it rained, we would go inside.

d. I'd like to hear her news if she were here.

e. If you could do it, you wouldn't ask me to tell you how to do it.

Translate the following sentences into English:

a. Dacă as sti mai multe amănunte despre acest raport, ti le-as spune. 

b. Dacă ai vrea, m-ai putea ajuta să termin proiectul acesta?

c. Dacă ar fi aici, am termina treaba mai repede si am putea iesi la o cafea.

d. L-ar asculta dacă ar avea urechi de auzit.

e. Ne-ar face plăcere să venim la petrecerea ta de terminare a facultătii dacă nu am avea altceva de făcut.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:

a. If I had a typewriter I (type) it myself.

b. If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes.

c. I (buy) shares in this company if I had some money.

d. I could tell you what this means if I (speak) Arabian.

e. I (offer) to help if I thought I'd be of any use.

f. If you (change) your job would it affect your pension?

g. If you (speak) more slowly he would understand you.

h. If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would see what is missing.

i. You (save) me a lot of trouble if you told me where you are going.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:

a. If I (know) this from the beginning, I wouldn't have asked you to do it for me.

b. If it had rained it (be) a disaster.

c. If she (go) to university so late, she wouldn't have had these problems in her career.

d. If you (stay) on that drilling rig and (be confronted with) such storms, I don't think you would argue against my leaving that place.

e. If I had known how to solve the problems in chemistry, I (pass) the exam in the winter session.

Translate into English:

a. Dacă as fi putut să te ajut, as fi făcut-o încă de atunci.

b. Dacă ar fi stiut răspunsurile la toate întrebările, nu ar fi luat o notă asa de mică.

c. Dacă as fi învătat mai bine, nu as fi picat acest examen.

d. Dacă nu ar fi nins, nu am fi plecat la munte de Crăciun.

e. V-ati fi distrat mai bine, dacă nu ati fi avut această problemă de rezolvat în acelasi timp.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:

a. If I had known that you were in danger I (help) you.

b. If you (arrive) fifteen minutes earlier you would have got a seat.

c. I shouldn't have believed you when telling me about that driller's accident if I (not see) it with my own eyes.

d. If he had asked you to do that job, you (accept)?

e. But for the fog we (reach) our destination ages ago.

f. If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him.

g. If she listened to my directions she (not turn) the lights off.

h. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the money.

i. You wouldn't have had so much trouble with your car if you (have) it serviced regularly.

j. I (take) a taxi to the university if I had realized that it was such a long way.

Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tense. These are mixed conditional sentences.

a. If he had taken my advice...

b. The substance would look better if...

c. I'd have brought my compass if...

d. If you had asked his permission...

e. If I buy this machine ...

f. If she practised more...

g. If the river rises any higher...

h. I would lend it to you if...

i. If the fire had been noticed earlier...

j. If she rings while I'm in the tunnel...

11. Match the clauses together to make mixed conditional sentences:

1. If you had told me A. he probably won't be at the meeting.

about this problem earlier,

If you were a more  B. you could always ring them up.

sensitive person,

If they don't contact   C. his wife would never have left him.

you soon,

If he hadn't died  D. you wouldn't have said that to her.

so young,

If he didn't work  E. I would have had them by now.

so hard all the time,

If the train hadn't   F. everything would be all right now.

been delayed,

If he was feeling  G. would you hurry up and get ready?

ill this morning,

If you're coming   H. you wouldn't be so busy this month.

with us

If I really wanted   I. we would be there by now.

to have children,

If you had worked J. I'm sure he'd be a famous musician by now.

harder last month,

The condition is not stated in a conditional clause in the following underlined sentences. Write a sentence containing the underlined sentence as a main clause and an appropriate conditional clause.

a. I think Alison should apply for the job. She would make a very good managing director.

b. The problem is that she doesn't work very hard. I know that she could do really well.

c. We're lucky it's sunny today. It would be horrible sitting out here otherwise.

d. He wouldn't be able to live on his own without the help of his neighbours.

e. With luck, we'll finish the job by the end of the day.

f. I hear you're thinking of going to Indonesia for the summer. You'll love it there.

g. I hope those refugees aren't deported, but I think they will be. They may be imprisoned or even executed.

h. It's a good job you brought all those tables and chairs in from outside last night. The rain would have ruined them.

i. Mark should have told the truth. I'm sure she would have forgiven him.

j. Without the help of the Red Cross doctors, many more would have died.

First, second or third conditional:

a. We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible. If it (be) a nice day, we (go) for a picnic.

b. Why don't you explain everything to him? If you (not tell) him the truth, I'm sure you (regret) one day.

c. Jenny was here not long ago. If you (come) round earlier, you (see) her.

d. Apparently, the ferry company are planning to close the port in this town. If that (happen), the town (lose) a great deal of money.

e. I (help) you with it if I (have) more time but I'm afraid I haven't got any spare time at all at the moment.

f. The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it (lose), the PM (resign) from politics.

g. I'm so glad you took me to your friend's party. If we (not go) there, I never (meet) Adrian.

h. It's ridiculous that trains are so expensive. If fares (be) cheaper, I'm sure more people (use) the train and (leave) their cars at home.

i. Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty. It (be) a disaster if it (happen) in the middle of the day.

j. If Alison (know) anything about car mechanics, I'm sure she (help) us fix the car, but she knows even less than we do.

k. They've been married for 20 years but I don't think she (marry) him if she (know) what a selfish man he was.

l. She has everything she wants but she's always moaning. I'm sure that if I (have) so much money I (moan) all the time.

Rewrite the sentences:

a. If you don't drive carefully, you'll have an accident.

Unless.

You won't ..

As long as you .

b. You had better take his advice.

Were.

c. If she happens to come, tell her to wait for me.

Should.

d. As he couldn't afford a holiday, he stayed at home.

If.

e. Since he doesn't have any qualifications, he can't find a job.

If .

f. If it hadn't been for my mother's generosity, I wouldn't have my car now.

But for.

g. If you help me. I'll help you.

I'll help you provided.

h. He wasn't on time, so we missed the train.

Had he.

i. I'm not rich so I can't afford a long holiday abroad.

If I .

j. I didn't go out because I had a lot of work to do.

If I .

k. She must be out since she didn't answer the phone.

If she were.

l. She must have lived in France because she has a perfect French accent.

If she had.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

a. If I were him, I would not be late for the interview. (better)

b. You won't be punished provided you admit it was your mistake. (long)

c. Since he is an only child, his parents have spoiled him. (not)

d. If I had been you, I would have punished him. (shoes)

e. If you revise all your notes, you'll pass the exam. (provided)

f. If it wasn't for the good pay, I wouldn't stay in this job. (but)

g. If you don't get to work on time, you'll be given the sack. (punctual)

h. As you've got a high temperature, you'd better go to the doctor's. (were)

i. As I couldn't answer any of the questions, I walked out of the Maths exam.(so)

j. But for his help, I wouldn't be in my current job.(got)

k. If Mary were feeling well, she would have come to Tom's party. (since)

l. If someone gave you a free airline ticket, where would you travel to? (to)

Translate into English:

a. Daca l-ai vedea acum nu l-ai mai recunoaste; e numai o umbra din ce a fost o data.

b. Daca n-ai fi atât de mincinos, n-ai fi acum în situatia regretabila ca nimeni sa nu aiba încredere în tine.

c. N-as fi consimtit niciodata sa parasesc adapostul daca as fi stiut ca se va întâmpla o nenorocire.

d. N-ar fi trebuit sa câstige atât de multi bani si n-ar fi dat de necaz daca sotiei lui i-ar fi placut mai putin luxul.

e. De data asta te-as putea duce cu masina mea daca îmi promiti sa nu se mai repete.

f. În cazul în care voi uita, te rog reaminteste-mi de promisiunea facuta.

g. Daca se întâmpla sa treci pe lânga biroul lui, ai putea sa intri si sa îi înapoiezi dictionarul pe care l-ai împrumutat de la el.

h. Presupunând ca partenerul dvs. ar accepta aceste propuneri, care ar fi urmatoarea etapa a tratativelor?

i. Daca n-ar fi nins, excursia noastra la munte n-ar fi fost atât de placuta.

j. Mi-a spus de câteva ori ca va accepta postul cu conditia ca salariul sa fie multumitor.

Unit 15

Reading

Read the following fragment from The Blue Hotel by Stephen Crane. Underline the modal verbs:

The Palace Hotel at Fort Romper was painted a light blue, a shade that is on the legs of a kind of heron, causing the bird to declare its position against any background. The Palace Hotel, then, was always screaming and howling in a way that made the dazzling winter landscape of Nebraska seem only a gray swampish hush. It stood alone on the prairie, and when the snow was falling the town two hundred yards away was not visible. But when the traveler alighted at the railway station he was obliged to pass the Palace Hotel before he could come upon the company of low clap-board houses which composed Fort Romper, and it was not to be thought that any traveler could pass the Palace Hotel without looking at it.

Pat Scully, the proprietor, had proved himself a master of strategy when he chose his paints. It is true that on clear days, when the great trans-continental expresses, long lines of swaying Pullmans, swept through Fort Romper, passengers were overcome at the sight, and the cult that knows the brown-reds and the subdivisions of the dark greens of the East expressed shame, pity, horror, in a laugh. But to the citizens of this prairie town, and to the people who would naturally stop there, Pat Scully had performed a feat. With this opulence and splendor, these creeds, classes, egotisms, that streamed through Romper on the rails day after day, they had no color in common.

Ways with Words

This fragment belongs to a novel written by Stephen Crane. Its title is The Blue Hotel. Do you know any idioms containing the word blue? How do you translate out of the blue or once in a blue moon?

Let's learn some idioms with colours.

Be blue; Feel Blue:

'I feel blue so often when it's cloudy and rainy.'

'Sometimes I'm blue on a grey day. But you should see Dorothy'.

To have green fingers (thumbs):

"Mrs. Helen Smith always seems to be successful in growing things. Both her flower garden and her vegetable garden always appear to be healthy and very productive. Her friends frequently say: "Helen, you certainly have a green thumb!"

To be in the pink:

"The doctor examined John thoroughly and finally said:

"You're in the pink of health". To which John replied: "It must because I take vitamins".

Red - handed:

"As the thief was climbing out the window with the stolen necklace, the

police was waiting for him and caught him red-handed because he had been/ was careless."

Black sheep:

"Ted ran away from home at age 15. He got into trouble and spent some time in prison. From there he robbed a bank, got captured and spent more time in prison. At least, at the age of 14, he decided to spend his living honestly and today he is no longer the black sheep of his family. On the contrary, his family is quite proud of him and of the transformation they see in his life."

Answer the following questions:

a. Why do people feel blue?

b. Is it possible that some of the following are feeling blue?

A man who has just lost all his money.

A couple that has just got married.

A ship captain whose ship has sunk in a bad storm.

A wife whose husband has just given her a diamond necklace.

c. Have you ever felt blue? What has caused it?

d. Is it possible that the persons described below could be said to have "a green thumb"?

A little boy who has got a new puppy for his birthday.

A woman who likes to spend her weekends at the beach.

A man who spends his summer evenings working in his garden to raise tomatoes, cucumbers etc.

An elderly woman who takes great pride in her lovely rose garden

e. Is it possible that some of the following are not in the pink?

A nurse who has just finished working for 24 hours in a hospital and is exhausted.

An old man who is 80 years of age but who can still swim, play golf, jog.

A family that have been shipwrecked and have only lived on an island for three months with coconuts to eat.

A famous boxer who has been training for his next championship fight for six weeks.

f. It is possible that some of the following persons be caught red-handed?

A grandmother taking care of her small grandson.

A boy taking an apple from a basket in a store.

A man robbing a bank at ten o'clock in the morning.

A policeman driving around in his patrol car.

g. Restate the following sentence using the idiom "red-handed": The mystery of the disappearing jam from the cellar was finally solved when they caught Jim eating a whole pot at night.

h. In your opinion, do many families have a "black sheep"?

i. Is it possible that some of the following might be considered a "black sheep"?

An old man who has been poor all his life

Twin boys who decide to join the army

A young woman who abandons her parents and starts a life thrill of robbing homes of jewels and money.

Grammar Reference

Modal Auxiliaries

• Modal auxiliaries are also sometimes called modal verbs or modals. The following are modal auxiliaries:

• Modal auxiliaries always stay the same. They cannot be put into different tenses, used as infinitives, as gerunds or present participles. They are followed by the infinitive in different forms.

I. Ability: can, could, be able

• Can (present or future) and could (past) refer to a general ability to do something. Can is also used to refer to an ability to do something specific at a time in the future.

She can / can't sing really well

He could read when he was four

• Can and could refer to the ability to do something, but not to the doing of it.

My parents live quite a distance away so we're not able to/can't see them.

We use be able to talk about ability + the achievement of the action.

He gave me a lift home so I was able to stay at the party till late.

• We use can + be + adjective or noun to talk about possibility.

She can be very charming when she wants to be.

• We use can, could and could have in conditional sentences. We also use them in sentences with an implied condition.

I couldn't have done it if I hadn't had your help.

II. Certainty, possibility, deduction: can, could, may, might, must, will, should, ought to

• To talk about something that it is possible to do at any time, use can or may. With this use, can and may are often followed by the passive infinitive.

Stamps can/may be bought at most shops which sell cards.

• To talk about a future possibility, use may or might. We can also use could (it refers to a theoretical possibility).

The parcel may/might arrive tomorrow.

We could go by train. (It is possible to take a train there if you wanted to do that).

• To talk about a present or future certainty, use will + simple or continuous infinitive.

I will be waiting for you when you arrive.

• To talk about possibility in the present, use may, might or could + simple infinitive (usually the verb to be) or continuous infinitive.

I won't phone Jennifer now because she might be working at home.

• To talk about possibility in the past, use may, might, could + perfect infinitive (simple or continuous).

I don't know why they're so late. I suppose they could have got lost.

• To make a deduction about something in the present, use must (positive deduction) or can't (negative deduction) + simple infinitive (usually the verb to be) or continuous infinitive.

He can't be driving here: he hasn't got a car.

• To make a deduction about something in the past, use must/can't (or couldn't) + perfect infinitive (simple or continuous).

He can't have forgotten about the meeting: he talked to me about it only this morning.

• We can use should or ought to + present infinitive to make assumptions about the present or the future and should or ought to + perfect infinitive to make assumptions about the past.

The train got in half an hour ago so they should be here soon.

Let's go and see Cathy: she should have finished working by now.

III. Advice, obligation, necessity: should, ought to, must, have to, have got to, need

• To give advice, use should or ought to. We often use should/ought to with I think . /Do(Don't) you think .?

Don't you think you should/ought to stop seeing him?

• To give strong advice and recommendations, use must. It can refer to present time or future time.

We must go and visit them more often. You mustn't let him talk to you like that.

• To criticise actions in the past, use should or ought to + perfect infinitive. Should /ought to in the past means that the subject did not do the right thing.

I should/ought to have stayed at home. (= I didn't stay at home and my behaviour was wrong)

• To talk about obligation, use must, mustn't or have to. Have to - the obligation is often external, it comes from the situation; must - the obligation often comes from the speaker or writer of the sentence.

Passengers must fasten their seat belts. (The obligation is imposed by the airline who wrote the notice).

We'll have to get there before 5 o'clock because the shops close then.

• We can also use have got to to express obligation. Have got to is often interchangeable with have to but there is sometimes a difference: have to can be used for habitual actions and single actions whereas have got to can only be used for single actions.

I have to get the bus into work today/I have to get the bus into work every day.

I have got to get the bus into work today.

• To express a negative obligation, use mustn't. Do not use don't have to = there is no obligation.

You mustn't wait here. (You are not allowed to wait here).

You don't have to wait here. (It is not necessary for you to wait here but you can if you want to).

• To express necessity, use need. We can use need as a modal verb in questions and negative sentences.

You needn't come if you don't want to.

• To express lack of necessity, use needn't, don't need to, don't have to, haven't got to. When the speaker is giving the authority, we often use needn't.

Teacher to students: 'You've worked hard today so you needn't do any homework tonight.'

We're eating out tonight so we don't need/needn't/don't have to/haven't got to buy any food.

• To express lack of necessity in the past, use needn't + perfect infinitive or didn't need to/didn't have to + infinitive.

I needn't have gone to the station so early. The train was nearly an hour late. (It wasn't necessary to go to the station early but I didn't realise that and so I did get there early).

We didn't need to/didn't have to get up early this morning because we had no lectures. (It wasn't necessary and so we didn't do it).

IV. Offers, requests, permission, suggestions: can, could, may, might, would, must, shall, would you mind

Asking permission: Can/Could/May/Might I .?

Making a request: Can/Could/Would you .?

To give or refuse permission: You can/can't/may/may not/must/mustn't .

To make an offer: Can/Shall I, we .? Would you like.?

To make a suggestion or an invitation: Shall we .? We could ..., Would you like to .?

V. Habit: would, used to

Used to is not a modal: I used to work here. I didn't use to work here. Did you use to work here?

Use would and used to to talk about past habits.

When we were children, my brother and I used to fight all the time.

When we were children, my brother and I would fight all the time.

When we use would to talk about a past habit, it is necessary to use a past time reference. Used to can be used with or without a past time reference.

When we talk about past situations (not actions), we can use used to but we can't use would.

Controlled Practice

Complete the sentences with the correct form of can, could or be able to.

a. He's very fit for his age. He .(run) really fast.

b. I'd like . (work) with you one day.

c. He .(not climb) up to the top: he was too scared.

d. If they hadn't phoned for an ambulance, he .(die).

e. I love . (spend) all morning in bed at weekends.

f. We .(go) to that concert tomorrow if the tickets haven't sold out.

g. I think you should go in the spring: it (be) very crowded there in summer.

h. I . (not understand) what he says: he speaks too quickly.

i. .(speak) another language fluently is a great advantage.

j. Jonathan . (not say) anything until he was about three years old.

k. We . (not phone her up) because her phone had broken, but fortunately we ... (get) a message to her.

l. Amy's exam results weren't very good. She . (do) better.

m. I . (not sleep) very well for the last four nights. It's been too hot.

n. She tried to think of other things but she . (not put) that awful memory out of her mind.

o. . (you come) to the party on Sunday?

Complete the sentences with can, could, may, might, will, should, ought to, must and an infinitive in the appropriate form:

a. Kerry's rather late. She . (miss) the train.

b. Travellers' cheques . (be exchanged) at most banks.

c. They're not answering the phone so they . (be) out.

d. Don't phone her now. It . (be) the middle of the night in Australia.

e. They (not move) house yet. I saw them in town this morning.

f. I haven't seen Joanna this week. I think she . (visit) her parents but I'm not sure about it.

g. Her exam results are coming out soon. She worked very hard so she . (do) well.

h. That woman's just fallen over. Let's go and see her: she (be) hurt.

i. I don't know where she is. She (not still play) tennis: it's been dark for the last hour.

j. I sent the letter two days ago so he . (get) it by now, but you can never be sure.

k. Jim's been very quiet since his girlfriend went away. He . (miss) her.

l. I . (come) and visit you at the weekends. Anyway, I'll give you a ring to let you know.

m. She was with a man I didn't recognize. It . (be) her brother because he looked a bit like her.

n. The roads are fairly quiet today so we . (have) a good journey.

o. 'Why do you think Tricia was in such a hurry?' 'I don't know. She (run) to catch the bus.'

p. These glasses . (be) Tim's: they look a bit like his.

r. It . (not rain): the ground's completely dry.

s. I . (join) the sports club in the summer but I haven't decided yet.

t. I told her you were coming so she . (expect) you.

u. They've just rung the bell so the children . (be) out of the classrooms in a minute.

Complete the sentences using the modals should, ought to, must or need or the verb have to in the correct tense and form.

a. We . (leave) at 11 o'clock last night because the last bus went at 11.20.

b. I don't think you . (offer) to help him. You've got enough work to do.

c. They . (not pay) to stay in a hotel. They can stay with us.

d. We've been staying in a hotel for the last two weeks so we (not cook) our own meals.

e. You . (come round) for dinner one evening. We haven't had a good talk for a long time.

f. We . (run) all the way to the station because we were late for the train.

g. It's your own fault that you're so tired. You . (not go) to bed so late.

h. Why . the prisoners . (be locked) in their cells all day?

i. Hurry up. You . (not have) a bath now. The taxi's coming in twenty minutes.

j. You . (not tell) him what happened. He would never forgive us.

k. You . (not allow) David to walk home from school every day on his own. He's too young.

l. I don't like . (do) everything my boss tells me to do.

m. You . (go) to that new French restaurant in town. It's the best restaurant I've ever been to.

n. Paul . (not get up) early in the morning but everyone else in the house does.

o. If I fail any one of my exams, I . (take) all of them again in November.

p. I . (tell) him what you really think of him next time you see him if I were you.

r. The wedding's been cancelled so I . (not buy) that new suit: it was a waste of money.

s. I . (take) the children to school every morning before I go to work.

t. You . (not eat) in the lecture hall: it's against the college regulations.

u. I'd like you to come to the meeting but you . (not come) if you don't want to.

Write what to say using can, could, may, might, shall, must, would, would you like, would you mind. There may be a number of possible answers.

a. Offer to open the door for a stranger.

b. Ask someone to answer the phone for you.

c. Invite a friend to go for a swim this morning.

d. Offer to make someone a sandwich.

e. Request an appointment to see your bank manager, Ms Arnold.

f. Give someone permission to use your phone.

g. Suggest going for a picnic this afternoon.

h. Ask someone to wait here for you.

i. Give your son permission to go out but tell him to be back before it gets dark.

j. You are in the train. Ask another passenger if you can open the window.

Offer to answer the phone.

k. You are in a café. There is a free seat next to someone. Ask that person if you can sit there.

Complete the sentences with would or used to. Where either form is possible, write them both.

a. I . have lots of free time before I started working here.

b. In the long summer holidays, we . go out somewhere with a picnic every day.

c. When I was a newly-trained teacher, I . work till late every night preparing lessons.

d. They . be happy together but they are not now.

e. When they came to London, they . (never) travel anywhere on the tube.

f. When I had a car, I . drive everywhere, but now I'm much fitter because I always walk or cycle.

g. During my last year at university, I . go to the library to start work at 9 o'clock every morning.

h. When we shared a flat together, we . (often) stay up talking late.

i. When Amy was a baby, people . (often) come up to me and tell me how beautiful she was.

j. He . be overweight but he's much slimmer now.

Rewrite the following sentences using a modal. In some sentences more than one modal is possible.

a. I promise to phone you next week. I will/'ll phone you next week.

b. At the age of nine, he still didn't know how to read.

c. It's essential that we leave on time tomorrow morning.

d. Are you able to come with me tonight?

e. It's not a good idea for you to work so hard.

f. It's possible that they'll be here soon.

g. Why don't we go and see a film tonight?

h. He said that he intended to write to me soon.

i. Is it possible for me to sit here?

j. He refuses to give me an answer.

k. It's not necessary for you to apologize.

l. Am I allowed to smoke in here?

m. He knew how to speak four languages by the time he was twelve.

n. I want to help you but I am not able to.

o. I think it's a good idea for me to stay in tonight: I've got a lot of work to do.

p. I don't know who she is but it's possible that she is Rick's sister.

r. Do not tell him any of this: it's vital that it remains a secret.

s. I intend to finish this essay before I go to sleep.

t. It's 7 o'clock. I assume that Clare will be here soon.

u. I know he's in but he's not answering the phone. I'm sure that he is asleep.

7. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given.

a. Shall we go out tonight? (how)

b. It's very possible that he'll be promoted. (every)

c. It is certain that he will return this afternoon. (bound)

d. He was not able to understand the radio message because of the interference. (impossible) 

e. Why haven't you signed this page at the bottom? (sign)

f. Could he have been telling the truth? (likely)

g. Could you come on Saturday? (suit)

h. How do you feel about going on a trip? (like)

i. You don't have to inform the agency beforehand. (compulsory)

j. May I borrow your typewriter? (mind)

k. You won't be able to enter the country unless you have a visa. (prevented)

l. You mustn't start writing before the test starts. (rules)

Translate into English using modal verbs:

Ar trebui sa-i spuna fiicei ei o poveste, daca vrea ca ea sa adoarma.

Când eram copil nu-i puteam întelege pe adulti si acum ca sunt adult nu-i mai pot întelege pe copii.

Chiar daca ne-am stradui din rasputeri nu am reusi sa ajungem.

Nu pot sa nu ma gândesc ce s-ar fi întâmplat daca nu am fi putut rezolva problema.

Când era tânar era foarte rezistent; putea lucra toata ziua si dansa toata noaptea.

N-aveam cheie, asa ca n-am putut închide usa.

stiam bine orasul asa ca am putut sa le explic cu sa ajunga la gara.

Nu trebuie sa conduci asa repede; avem destul timp.

Nu-i voie sa conduci asa repede; este o limitare de viteza aici.

Nu-i nevoie sa suni, am eu cheie.

Daca sunteti amabil sa asteptati a clipa îl chem pe director.

Drumul era acoperit cu gheata si lui îi era groaza sa nu alunece.

Ar fi trebuit sa verifice frânele înainte de plecare.

Am vazut un tigru ieri în padure. - Nu se poate sa fi vazut un tigru, nu sunt tigrii în tara la noi.

Tocmai am terminat de udat florile. - Nu era nevoie sa le uzi, uite cum ploua acum.

Usa era deschisa. - Nu se poate sa fi fost deschisa. Am închis-o chiar eu la plecare.

M-ai auzit când am venit acasa seara trecuta? - Nu, trebuie ca adormisem.

Statea pe banca ore întregi si se uita la stele.

Daca îi dai ocazia nu mai înceteaza cu povestile din razboi.

L-am vazut pe strada dar nu s-a oprit sa-mi vorbeasca. Probabil ca era foarte grabit.

Când era la scoala putea merge în mâini distante lungi, dar acum nu mai poate.

Desi afara ploua cu galeata de cel putin trei ore, am putut sa merg la farmacie si sa cumpar medicamente.

Nu este voie sa vorbesti tare aici, doar suntem într-un spital.

Nu e cazul sa-i reamintesti de datorie, este un om cu mult bun simt.

Nu era nevoie sa-i cumperi volumul acesta de poezii, îl mai are de doua ori.

Se poate ca ieri pe vremea asta fratii lui sa fi carat caramida de la fabrica.

S-ar putea ca ei sa îsi formateze sistemul acum, habar n-am.

Trebuie sa-mi spal masina, este prea murdara. Ar fi trebuit sa o spal cel putin acum o luna.

Cu siguranta ca în acest moment echipa adversa sarbatoreste victoria.

Acum un an am avut un câine tare neascultator: nu vroia sa-mi aduca papucii atunci când îi spuneam eu.

Este de datoria noastra sa ne ajutam parintii atunci când sunt în dificultate.

Citeam zeci de carti pe luna când eram student.

Progress Test 4

Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same:

a. Without your support, I should have never won the nomination.

If it hadn't .......................

b. The telephone rang the moment I stepped into the room

No sooner .......................

c. The candidate was undoubtedly highly intelligent but she was not very suitable for the job.

Intelligent.........................

d. She has not been to the office since November, 4th.

She last.........................

e. I'd like to have seen this movie.

I wish ...........................

f. I should really like someone to do all the housework for me.

The thing I'd really like ....................

g. I've never seen such an exciting match before.

This match ..........................

h. Joan is very alike her father.

Joan bears .........................

i. We can't persuade the cat to come down from that tree.

The cat ...........................

j. Can you play golf well enough to beat him?

Is your ...........................

Insert the adverbs in brackets in the correct place:

a. We shall go (tonight, to the theatre, at six o' clock)

b. He goes (to the factory, every morning, at 7 o'clock)

c. She played (last evening, the piano, at the National Opera, wonderfully)

d. My friend spoke (evening, to me, in the street yesterday, very kindly)

e. I am born (on April, in 1978, at 4 o'clock, 3^rd)

f. Mr. Smith came (into the office late)

g. I read (all day, at home, yesterday, very much)

h. I enjoyed my lunch (the day before yesterday, very much)

i. They went (for a week and a half, to England, 5^th, on March)

Translate into English:

Stau câteodata si-mi aduc aminte ce vremi si ce oameni mai erau în partile noastre pe când începusem si eu, dragalita-Doamne, a ma ridica baietas la casa parintilor mei, în satul Humulestii, din târg drept peste apa Neamtului; sat mare si vesel, împartit în trei parti, care se tin tot de una: Vatra satului, Delenii si Bejenii.

s-apoi Humulestii, si pe vremea aceea, nu erau numai asa, un sat de oameni fara capatâiu, ci sat vechiu razasesc, întemeiet în toata puterea cuvântului: cu gospodari tot unul si unul, cu flacai voinici si fete mândre, care stiau a învârti si hora si suveica, de vuia satul de vatale în toate partile; cu biserica frumoasa si niste preoti si dascali si poporeni ca aceia, de faceau mare cinste satului lor.

si parintele Ioan de sub deal, Doamne, ce om vrednic si cu bunatate mai era! Prin îndemnul sau, ce mai de pomi s-au pus în tinterim, care era îngradit cu zaplaz de bârne, strasinit cu sindrila, si ce chilie durata s-a facut la poarta bisericei pentru scoala; s-apoi, sa fi vazut pe neobositul parinte cum umbla prin sat din casa în casa, împreuna cu badita Vasile a Ilioaei, dascalul bisericei, un holteiu zdravan, frumos si voinic, si sfatuia pe oameni sa-si deie copiii la învatatura. si unde nu s-au adunat o multime de baieti si fete la scoala; între care eram si eu, un baiat prizarit, rusinos si fricos si de umbra mea.

Key:

a. If it hadn't been for your support I should have never won the nomination.

b. No sooner had I stepped into the room than the telephone rang.

c. Intelligent as the candidate was, she was not very suitable for the job.

d. She last was to the office on November, 4^th.

e. I wish I had seen this movie.

f. The thing I'd really like is to have someone to do all the housework for me.

g. This match is the most exciting I have ever seen.

h. Joan bears a resemblance with her father.

i. The cat wouldn't come down from that tree.

j. Is your golf handicap better than his?

2. a. We shall go to the theatre at six o'clock tonight.

b. He goes to the factory at 7 o'clock every morning.

c. She played the piano wonderfully at the National Opera last evening.

d. My friend spoke very kindly to me in the street yesterday evening.

e. I am born at 4 o'clock, on April, 3^rd, in 1978.

f. Mr. Smith came into the office late.

g. I read a lot at home all day yesterday.

h. I enjoyed my lunch very much the day before yesterday.

i. They went to England for a week and a half on March, 5^th.

I sometimes stop and call to mind the customs and people there used to be in my part of the world at the time when I had, so to speak, just begun to put a foot over the threshold of boyhood in my home in the village of Humulesti. It faced the town on the other side of the waters o the River Neamt; it was a large and cheerful village, divided into three closely connected parts: the village itself, the Deleni and the Bejeni.

Moreover, Humulesti in those days was not just a village of ne'er-do-wells but a prosperous and ancient village of freeholders, its reputation and standing having long since been assured, with farmers who knew their job, with stalwart young men and comely girls who could swing the shuttle too, so that the village would buzz with the sound of looms on every side. It had a fine church and outstanding clergy, church elders and parishioners, who were a credit to their village.

As for Father Ion, who lived at the foot of the hill, Lord, what an active and kindly man he was! On his advice lots of trees were planted in the graveyard - which graveyard was surrounded by a high fence of thick planks with eaves of shingles - and the fine room at the gate of the church precincts was built to serve as a village school. You should have seen this untiring priest going round the village, entering one house after another, together with one of his elders, Master Vasile, the son of Ilioaia, a sturdy, good-looking, handsome bachelor. The two of them would persuade people to send their children to get some schooling, and you should have seen the number of boys and girls who flocked into the school from all parts, myself among them, a puny, timid lad, afraid of my own shadow!

(translated by Ana Cartianu)

Score:

1 point + 1 point each x 9 = 10 points

1 point + 1 point each x 9 = 10 points

1 point +9 points = 10 points

Divided by 3 = 10 points