STRUCTURA 22H GRAMATICA

STRUCTURA 22H

Subiect + Verb copulativ

1. Heseemed

Nume predicativ

satisfied with my answer.

You seemed (to us)

j.J"he prospects seem 4. This appeas to be

much younger than your brother.

bright and encouraging.

a burning question.

5. She seemed

unable to understand what was behind his words.

6. To me this topic appears (to be)

far more interesting than the preceding one.

7. This seems (to be)

the only way out.

Exercitiul 1

i

Cititi cu atentie si traduceti n limba rom na propozitiile de mai jos:

He suddenly appeared much younger, brightening up at the new idea.

It didn't seem (to be) an essential point at all.

It appeared to be one of the very few exceptions to the rule.

Does his new bookiet of poems appears to be as good as his former publications?

He appeared (to be) totally unable to cope with the new developements.

He took to smoking at the age of 40 but now he seems unable to grow out of his habit.

l don't understand why you look so surprised at his having finished all his duties.

He was only fifty but he seemed much older.

She seemed entirely at a loss what to do under the circumstances.

Things appeared/seemed (to be) much more complicated than they h d looked
^t the beginning of the year.

To my mind he seems perfectly capable of managing the situation by himself.

He has never seemed fitter for the job.

Does it seem imposible to you to have all the statistics ready by Friday morning?

l'm afraid this does not seem (to be) important at all.

Opinions may certainly differ but to me the film didn't seem interesting at all.

However much you may like it at first sight, it appears to be just a beginner's exercise.

STRUCTURA 221

Exercitiul 1

i

Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii caracteristice pentru varianta l a STRUCTURII 22:

It seems important to do the job as soon as possible.

To me it doesn't seem a pity to read such a work twice.

It appeared most unlikely that he should share our opinion.

It didn't seem much use to try and solve all the problems that afternoon.

It seems much wiser to do things gradually.

Does it seem important to you to go over the whole matter again?

It didn't seem much good working on that problem.

It seems to all of us perfectily obvious that such situations lead to no good.

It appears unlikely that any good will come out of it.

It seems a pity not to seize such a fine opportunity.

It seems out of the question for him to catch the train to Timisoara.

It appears rather unnatural to try and do everything at once.

Does itseem (toyou) much usesitting uplateevery nightinsteadof getting upwhen
everybody does?

It didn't seem profitable to me to learn Portuguese while l h d so little opportunity
to use or practise it.

Copiati propozitiile STRUCTURII 22J, cititi-le cu glas tare si traduceti-le n limba rom na

STRUCTURA 22J

Exercitiul 1

j

Prin traduceri multiple ale propozitiilor de mai jos, consolidati varianta J a
STRUCTURII 22. <'

Days are getting shorter already. ^

Trees have turned yellow.

Aren't we all growing old?

This cloth feels soft and smooth like velvet

His accent doesn't sound natural to me.

Why did she get angry with you?

She opened the window and the door blew open by itself.

The fire is burning low, so you must feed it again.

If people are not supposed to fali in Iove when young, what shouid the time of Iove be?

A moment of inattention and the horses broke loose.
>    11. The houses of the village lay sleeping in the night.

A dozen sparrows come hopping to my window every morning when it gets light.

Whatever she cooks always smells tasty and appetizing.

Children, you must keep quiet while father is working.

She married very young and so she already has four children.

He went/ grew/ got mad without anybody giving him reason for anger.

There will certainly be a day when your dreams will come true.

Everything looked different in the village when he returned to it afterten years.

Your skin feels rather rough, so you must use cold cream.

STRUCTURA 23A

Exercitiul 1

nsusiti-va varianta A a STRUCTURII 23 prin traducerea n rom neste a urmatoarelor propozitii:

Come downstairs, please!

Turn round a minute if you don't mind!

Stand up everybody when the teacher enters the classroom.

Come in, whoever you are!

If you worked nard you would catch up with the best pupils in the class.

It looks as if you are late.

Why do you behave/ act as if you were his boss?

Did you go anywhere over the week-end?

Why are all these newspapers lying on the bed?

It looks like a storm, l'm afraid.

He has lived alone too long a time to make a tolerant husband. l

Does he always arrive home so late?

l have been trying to talk to you face to face for about a week, but you somehow
seemed to avoid me.

"Get Up and Bar the Door" is one of the best-known humorous English folk-ballads.

"Drive-ins" are open-air cinemas where people drive in and maybe get some snacks
during the show.

Copiati si traduceti n rom neste propozitiile din cadrul STRUCTURII 23B, folosita c nd subiectul este nedefinit.

STRUCTURA 23B

Exercitiul 1

j

Traduceti n rom neste propozitiile de mai jos ce ilustreaza varianta B a STRUCTURII 23:

There are about twenty thousand books in our library.

Is there any other box in there?

There are all sorts of fashion magazines at that tailor's shop.     ^:m\^r &

There are two highly interesting articles in the car magazine.

Are there several trade union organizations in your department?

STRUCTURA 23C

Exercitiul 1

Prin traducerea n mai multe versiuni a propozitiilor de mai jos, nsusiti-va mai bine varianta C a STRUCTURII 23.

You asked me forthat dictionary a week ago and here it is!

Here is a tie for your birthday and l hope you like it!

Here comes the trolleybus which will take you to the sport palace.

Here is the literary magazine IVe been looking for!

There's a better one for you, and l belive it will suit you better.

There goes the second beli, so we must hurry!

There is the Brasov train!

Here are a few samples of materials for overcoats!

Oh, Henry, there you are at last!

And there was John coming, of all people in the world.

There is the bottle and the glasses.

Here is an interesting report for you to read.

Here is your machintosh and gloves, Madam! ^.

There's the moon, over there!

l can hardly belive my eyes, but here he comes!

STRUCTURA 24A

NOTA: Verbele care apartin acestei structuri sunt foarte numeroase. De aceea, numai c teva din ele au putut fi incluse n aceste tabele. Unele dintre aceste verbe pot fi folosite cu mai multe prepozitii.

Ex.'to agree with somebody

to agree to/ on/ upon something

to complain of something (e.g. aheadache)

to complain to somebody about something

Exercitiul 1

i

Fixati varianta A a STRUCTURII 24 prin traducerea n rom neste a urmatoarelor propozitii (cu variante):

He aimed at the fox but he didn't nit it.

How can l consent to such a proposal?

Haven't you agreed upon this solution?

We all complained of the heat, but still we managed to reach the top of the hill.

Can l always rely upon you discretion in this matter?

l assure you that you can always count on my help and on my wife's.

The success of the performance often depends on the reaction of the audience.

Do you belive in drills for learning phonetics?

How many examinations did he participate in?

l'm afraid this cigarette-box belongs to me, not to you.

Has your son decided upon his future caree'^!

Listen carefully to what l have written totieii

What could have happened to George W

Which of these trips would you care for?

s he a person one can rely on?

l've been longing for the holidays sincettie*^iri9

-- -i: ._rt;_r,|.;_{ni l}

18-Whenheir . himself with his own problems.

STRUCTURA ompjementj

4. The children were longin

5. The film director called

^h-paradetotake IstofMarch.

10. Have youjettled

Exercitiul 1

Dati toate varantele rom nesti posibile ^oare,or f^r^

varianta B a STRUCTURII 24.

l'm oniy waiting for mother to return h ^{can drive YV} S

Mother has always relied on her children *^her-

3 She arranged for me to be admitted toP^er's office- 4. We have all voted for him to run the tra* committee.*.

You can count on all of us to contribuie to the earthquake relief fund.

Shall l mention again how much l rely upon you to be discreet?

Busy as l am, l don't even long for the week to end.

The factory manager h d arranged for a large party to meet the competitors at the
ation after their wonderfull success.

l am waiting for my car to be washed and checked, after which we are going out of town.

l'm longing for my daughters to return from the mountains.

Have you settled for a charwoman to do the house thoroughly every week?

The nation has voted for this important law to be applied as soon as possible.

STRUCTURA 24C

xercitiul 1

"aduceti n limba rom na propozitiile de mai jos ilustr nd varianta C s JCTURII24.

l do agree that it was all my fault.

He boasts that he can cross the Channel any time.

fhe m n insisted (upon it) that he should be promoted to a higher position.

Ne rejoiced tremendousiy that the performance you h d staged h d been so succesful-

Please see (to it) that everything is prepared as it shouid be before the ministel's

Can you swear (to it) that this m n spoke to you about his intentions a week
the event actually took place?

"Can you come firstthing in the morning?"

"You may depend upon it that l shall be at your place by six o'clock."

l do insist (upon) that the m n is beyond any suspicion.

l can swear (to it) that none of us has touched any of his things.

If he sees (to it) that the invitations are in good order you can rest assuf^&"
everything will be just perfect.

Mother complained that the long winter h d told rather badly on her nealtii-

l agreed that it was all a misunderstanding but l still insist that we explair M
next meeting.

They may depend upon it that the response of all of us will be favourable.

He keeps boasting that no one can do the job better that him. ^

You can't imagine how much we rejoice that you have been able to join us ^ '
Copiati propozitiile de la STRUCTURA 24D, cititi-le cu glas tare si traduceti-le n liml

STRUCTURA 24D

Exercitiul 1

>

Traduceti n limba rom na, d nd propozitiilor toate variantele posibile (S 2^'

We haven't decided (upon) where we shall spend New Year's Eve.

l don't care whether he will come or not.

If you think that l am worrying about how you are going to spend all that money, you are wrong.

If you can't agree now about who should go on that inspection, the boss will certainly
appoint John for the job.

l'm afraid everything depends on whether Helen approves ordisapproves of the proposal.

She doesn't seem to care about where we shall spend the week-end.

We haven't decided yet when to caii on the Johnsons.

Don't worry about when he returns, as long as he finishes that important job.

l'm afraid that very much depends on how you want to shape your own future.

Don't worry about how l can reach that place, for you may rest assured about the
success of the operations.

We nave decided when we can invite them but we don't know yet who we should invite.

Do you very much care whether l say "yes" or "no"?

Don't worry about who has confirmed the invitation because there will be plenty of
people anyhow.

STRUCTURA 25A

NOT Majoritatea infinitivelor din aceasta structura exprima intentia sau scopul (exemplele 1-8):

Exercitiul 1

i

Rezolvati n mai multe variante problemele puse de traducerea propozitiilor din STRUCTURA 25, varianta A.

The students have all gone to see the Bucharest consumer goods exhibition.

He stood up to welcome me and bowed to show his respect.

s nobody getting up to answer the beli?

l called to see you several times last week, but there was nobody at home.

She is still waiting to hear your explanations, so you ought to make it as plausible
_as possible.

We are longing to know how you enjoyed your study trip to South- East Asia.

l wouldn't hesitate to refuse if l thought there was any fault with your proposal.

l'm afraid l still fail to see what this means.

When the old lady lost her balance, three school-boys ran to help her.

l don't think Mark Antony was perfectly sincere when he said "l come to bury
Caesar not to praise him" but anyhow it was a fine beginning for that wonderful piece
of oratory.

Would you care to join us on the trip to the Danube Delta?

My wife and l have agreed to have our meals at a restaurant in town.

Several well-known climbers have failed to reach that summit, so you'd better
not try it.

Our school have gone to visit the great sculptor's exhibition.

The excited spectators in the stands stood up to watch the thrilling finish of the
long-distance race.

Did anyone caii to see me while l was at the central office?

STRUCTURA 25B

NOT Infinitivul din aceasta structura arata rezultatul sau consecinta.

Exercitiul 1

Rezolvati n mai multe versiuni traducerea propozitiilor ce ilustreaza varianta B g STRUCTURII 25.

We all wish you to iive to see that great day.

Most of his Information turned out to be perfectly credible.

In the long run the child has grown to be more diligent and obedient.

My uncie has lived to be ninety.

l came to realise that l h d been wrong about the day of the concert.

Now that l come to think of it, you are right in your assessment of this problem.

He told me that l should Iive to regret it, but l think he is only joking.
8. How can we get to know the whole truth about it?

9. l was hoping he would Iive to finish the fine memorial.

When did you actually come to know about it?

He has a very bright life expectation, for most men in his family nave lived to
be at least eighty.

He has proved to be the most efficient centre-forward of all the student soccer
teams.

As people advance in years, they grow to be more tolerant, in spite of the
inherent differences of outlook between them and the younger generations.

He seems to be a living embodiment of Oscar Wilde's dictum: "Old people belive
everything, middle-age people doubt everything, young people know everything", but
he is certainly growing to be wiser with every passing day.

If he lives to be seventy, he will certainly come to do whatever he has planned

For a long time he refused to admit the truth of it, but one day he came to see
how wrong he h d been.

Copiati propozitiile STRUCTURII 25C, cititi-le cu glas tare si traduceti-le n limba rom na

f::

STRUCTURA 25C

NOTA: Infinitivul din aceasta structura este echivalent cu o propozitie coordonata (ex. ^2, 3) sau subordonata (ex. 4,5,6).

Exercitiul 1

Pentru consolidarea variantei C a STRUCTURII 25, traduceti n rom neste propozitiile de mai jos:

Who would not rejoice to hear of Nadia's success?

l shudder/ tremble to think of that operation.

Well, old m n, the good days of your youth have gone never to return.

The swallows and storks have gone not to return for another year.

Unfortunately the boxer's famous punching strength is gone never to return.

He woke up only to find that ne h d forgotten to set the alarm clock.

The turning point in the comedy is the moment when the drunken m n awakes
to find himself in a monastery, robed as a monk.

The nonagenarian complained that the good days of horse carriages h d gone
never to return.

l arrived there at half past seven only to find that Wagner's operas always begin at seven.

Mother shuddered to think of her dear son being sent to the army for a year.

Didn't you rejoice to hear of their wedding?

Having gone to sleep with a cigarette in his mouth, no wonder he woke up to
find the house on fire.

l simply tremble to think of all the packing and what not l have to do at such
short notice.

l deeply grieve to hear of the accident that befell your brother.

Copiati propozitiile STRUCTURII 25D, cititi-le cu atentie si traduceti-le n limba rom na

STRUCTURA 25D

NOTA:Constructiile de mai sus sunt cunoscute sub denumirea de nominativ cu infinitiv.

Exercitiul 1

Pentru consolidarea variantei D a STRUCTURII 25, traduceti n rom ne^ propozitiile de mai jos:

1.1 did seem to remember having seen the m n somewhere but for the life of l couldn't place him.

l happened to be there at the time, so l have a rather accurate idea of the circumstai

He appeared to be disgusted by the proposal but eventually we managed to talk
round.

Mary, don't you happen to know where l put today's newspaper?

He happened to be out of town at the time, which was all the better for him, as l se

Have you never happened to read "Point Counterpoint"?

He didn't appear to enjoy my presence very much, but ne brightened up at ti
idea that l would be willing to have him on our project.

They seemed to be desperately bored by his lecture, but when he brought i
the subject of TV programmes, they grew a bit more interested.

They all appeared to be deeply involved in that production problem and so a vei
efficient solution was not slow in arising.

We both seemed to remember having seen that picture, but it took us a goo
fifteen minutes to recall its title.

Didn't you happen to see Victor at the university yesterday?

l happen to know enough about the matter to realise that you are not telling rn
the whole truth.

He seemed to be in such a hurry that l hardly dared speak to him.

l'm afraid you didn't seem to be enjoying the party.

Copiati si cititi cu glas tare propozitiile de mai jos, apoi traduceti-le n limba rom nar

STRUCTURA 25E

(Pro)nume + Verb "to be"

1. We are

2. We were

3. Whatam

4. She was never

Exercitiul 1

Pentru consolidarea variantei E a STRUCTURII 25, traduceti n rom neste propozitiile \e mai jos:

What time am l to come to take you to the party?

That purse was not to be found anywhere.

The new department store is to be opened next month.

Where am l to meet you at six o'clock?

He urged that nobody was to know about our arrangement.

How are you to pay your debts if you keep spending so much money on trifles?

The Negro slave hardly knew where she and her child were to sleep that night.

Where am l to find the secretary on Sunday morning?

The meeting was to be held on Saturday morning but everyone agreed to put it off
ntill Wednesday.

What time are we to have dinner?

She was only to learn this later on, when she met his mother.

s nobody to teii him the truth about it?

They were to have been married in May, but they h d to put it off untill the autumn
ecause of her long illness.

They were to be married in June but nobody was to know it until after the event.

The painter was not in very easy circumstances at the time, but this l was only to
now a year or two'afterwards, when nearly all his things were sold by auction.

Copiati propozitiile STRUCTURII 25F, cititi-le cu glas tare si traduceti-le n limba rom na

STRUCTURA 25F

5. The new hignway is

tobei 40 kmslong.

(Pro)nume + Verb "be going"

Infinitiv lung etc.

6. As l was

about to say...

1- l'm going

to come with you tonight.

7. This is

not to be eaten.

2. This is going

to be less pleasant than l expected.

8. They were

to keep in touch during the next month.

3. She felt she was going

to faint.

ai

Exercitiul 1

Rezolvati n mai multe versiuni traducerea propozitiilor ce ilustreaza varianta \ STRUCTURII 25.

.,.,_t 1. l'm afraid it's going to be a rather long wait for you.

At what station are they going to join us?

She said she was going to have a baby and everybody toasted the happy occasij

John, are you going to help me finish or will you keep reading the sports page as usu^

l hardly suspected that the work was going to be so difficult.

l felt l was going to be sick, probabily because of the lime trees in blossom.

If his couldn't-care-less (= nepasare) attitude is going to continue, l'm giving i

Isn't it going to be rather tiresome for a m n of his age?

When are you going to learn how to behave towards children?

" '*' 10. Since mother is going to help you, you'll probabily finish cooking in no time.

l'm afraid it's going to snow one of these days.

She insisted that she was going to have it her own way and there was
jfljerfering with her decision.

Are you going to spend your holidays in the country as usual?

,';. 14. Henry, don't you think it's going to be fine tomorrow, or at least the day aftefl !* '15. If it's going to last longer than we expected, l'm not sure l can stay. i ^16. l am going to finish the translation by Saturday or, say, Monday at the latest] s ^J17. We are going to reach Brasov in less than three hours.

l am going to return from the trip by Saturday at the latest.

The fish is lying rather heavy on my stomach and l think l am going to be sic
as happened to me before.

If you are all going to have it your own way, what am l going to do?

EXERCI IU CU VERBE NEREGULATE

Replace the bracketed infinitives in the following passage with the preferi vast tense/ indefinite), the present perfect or the past perfect common ontinuous aspect as required by the context. Then translate the text in roman/an.

Four men once (to dwell) in a foreign country. They (to deal) in cotton, which they ell) to Europeans who (to weave) it into cloth. People (to know) them as Peter, Jam< 'erence and Archibald. One day an idea (to strike) Peter, and he (to teii) it to the othe ks a result of the idea which Peter (to beget) they all (to put) their capital together and l o) into partnership. First they (to buy) a site. Then they (to build) a warehouse near 1 locks on part of it. Some time after they (to do) this, Peter (to speak) to the others:

"l (to think it over)," he (to say), "and my meditations (to bring) it home to me that thoi jp to now we (to bear) the responsibilities of the firm jointly, the mistakes that one m n ;eep) making (to cost) us a lot. Archibald's carelessness (to drive) me to desperation.'

After he (to explain) his idea further, the others (to catch) what he (to mean) but ;hrink) from the solution he (to seek) to impose. But he (to win) them round, and they all in with) his idea. So they (to tear up) the old deed of partnership, and (to draw ur. lew one. They (to split up) their responsabilities equally and each (to strive) to make new business pay and the firm (to thrive) for a while. But soon they (to begin) to h; trouble with rats, which (to eat) the bales of cotton that the workmen (to sew up) ready export. So they (to buy) a cat, (to take) it to the warehouse, (to shut) it and (to leav< there. When it (to try) to escape, they (to thrust) it back. Each partner (to hold) share the cat, one leg to each partner; and they (to feed) it by turns. Luckly it (to eat) very ii One day they (to see) that the cat (to be) lame. A dog (to bite) it, or somebody (to tre pn it and its leg (to bleed) and (to swell). On Consulting their books, the partners (to f that the leg which the cat (to hurt) (to be) Terence's. When Terence (to learn) this, he take) the cat into the oftice, (to put) it on the floor, (to kneel) down, (to wind) a rag soa in oii round the leg and (to bind) ftcarefully. The cat (to feel) cold; so it (to go) by the where it (to lie down) and (to sleep). But it (to creep) too close, and the bandage soa n oii (to catch) fire. The cat (to awake) terror-stricken, (to sit up), (to fly) into the panic pin) round, (to run) into the warehouse, and (to set) the cotton bales on fire with its bla eg. A strong wind (to blow) at the time so that the fire (to spread), and the whole warehc !to burst) into flames. The fire-brigade (to speed) to the scene and (to hack) and (to r o get into the burning building. But to no purpose. The building (to burn) too Numberless rats (to flee) from it, (to slide) into the water, and (to swim) away. The parti to look up) helplessly; and their blood almost (to freeze) in their veins, as they think \ their fate (may) (to be), if they (to be caught) inside. The cat (to burst) through the flar

(to spring) into the street, (to shake off) the burning bandage, and (to rid) itself of the trouble The partners (to catch) and (to smite) the cat, which (to dig) its claws into them, and (t₍ break) loose. They (to fling) stones at it. It (to steal) off and (to hide). They (to seek) it out (to find) it and (to slay) it. Afterthey (to slay) the cat, the partners (to remember) again whg they (to loose). They (to tear) their hair, (to rend) their garments, (to beat) their breasts, (tt wring) their hands and (to shed) tears of rage. Gradually, the first effects of the dissastei (to wear off), and they (to begin) to think what to do. Suddenly, Peter (to hit on) the solutioJ of the problem of damages. He (to send) for Terence. They (to meet) at their club. "l forget)", (to say) Peter, "that it (to be) your leg which (to do) the damage. You musttherefore pay us damages." At this Terence (to grow) pale. Then he (to knit) his brows, (to grind) teeth, and (to swing) his stick menacingly. When Peter (to see) the reception he (to get he (to be) afraid to say any more and (to retire) hastily. He, James and Archie (to meet and (to make) their decision. They (to ring up) a lawyer for legal advice. Then they (to clothe) themselves in their Sunday best and (to bring) Terence before a judge. The judge (to lend) their lawyer his attention for a while, but the latter (to spin) out the argument to such a lenght, that in the end the judge (to cut) him short and (to chide) him for wasting the time of the court. Then he (to lay) down the law. Everybody (to hang) on his words. Poor Terence (to cling) to the hope of success like a drowning m n to a straw and he (to be) justified, for the judge (to override) the plaintiffs' claims. He (to hear) the arguments which the palintiffs' lawyer (to string out) to such inordinate length, he (to say):

"It (to be) true that Terence's leg (to be on fire)", he (to go on), "but it (to be) also true that the other three legs (to take) the flaming leg to the inflammable cotton-bales. Those three legs and their owners (to bear) the burned of responsibility for the damage." He therefore (to bid) the three reimburse Terence for his loss. When Terence (to hear) this, his spirits (to rise). His face (to light up), and his heart (to leap) with joy, as he (to drink in) the judge's words. The plaintiffs' (to fly) into a rage and (to protest) angrily, for the decision (to speli) ruin to them. But the judge (to sweep) their protests aside, and (to beseech) them to obey the law. After Terence's former associates (to pay him off), they (to give up) the cotton trade, and (to shoe) horses for a living instead.

(When you have checked the exercise, translate the text into Romanian.)

o?

TEXTE DE TRADUS N ROM N CU MULTE VARIANTE (SETURILE A-J)

(sinonimie lexicala si gramaticala p na la nivelul propozitiilor)

N.B. Multe propozitii si fraze sunt preluate din A.S. Hornby A Guide to Patterns and Usage

SETA

A. How does Mr. Brown earn his living?
B. He sells books.

The plane flies to New York at 3:00 p.m. tomorrow.

l wrote a letter to my brother last week.

If l wrote to my brother now, ne wouid receive the letter on Tuesday morning.

If l wroteto my brothertomorrow, he wouid receive the letteronTuesday morning.

l wish l knew where Ms. Smith was living now.

It's time the children were in bed.

l am writing a letter.

l nave written three letters today.

He said that he h d been writing since two o'clock.

Hurry up!

Don'tdothat!

God save the Queen!

Godblessyou!

Heaven forbid that...

Grammar be hanged!

You may remember the evening we first talked about going to London.

"What is she doing now?"
"She is mixing a cake."

Graham Greene was writing another novei.

Here he comes!

Here comes the bus!

There she goes!

There goes the beli!

The weather continues cold and wet!

The war went on, with all its hardships and horrors.

Do/Can you hear a str nge noise? (NOT:; Are you hearing a str nge noise?)

The sun shines during the day.

Birds fly.

The River Nile rises in Central Africa.

The earth moves round the sun.

A horse is an animal.

Horses are animals.

Twice two is four.

Your sister speaks French well.

My cat likes fish.

The newspaper says that it's going to be cold today.

John says in his letter that he's enjoying his holidays.

The BBC weather report this morning said that we should have rain.

Has your father got a motor-car?

How many books have you got?

SET B

The First World War began in 1914.

l heard the news an hour ago.

Most of our cathedrals were built during the Middle Age.

Did you sleep well?

Napoleon marched his army to Moscow.

He woke at seven, got out of the bed, washed, shaved, dressed, went downstairs,
h d breakfast, put his overcoat on, hurried to the bus stop and caught a bus to the
station.

Where were you living when the war broke out? ^

l saw Mr. Grey while l was walking to school. ⁶ⁱ

Was it still raining when you came in? ^

My hat blew off while l was crossing the bridge. ^

Mary fell and broke her/ a leg while she was skating. ^

l dropped my watch while l was winding it the last night. -

What were you doing all morning? '

She was listening to the wireless/ listening in all evening. ^

She was writing letters all afternoon.

The girls made some cakes this morning.

"Did you hear about that terrible motor-car accident on the Dover Road last
week?"

"Yes, l was reading/1 read about it in the newspaper."

Martha was cleaning the windows and Helen was polishing the forks and
spoons.

The messenger arrives with news of the disaster. At once preparations are
made to send relief to the victims of the flood. Boxes of food and bundles of clothing
are loaded on the lorries.

So she goes up to the policeman. "There's a burglar in my house!" she says.
"Are you sure of that?" asks the policeman. "Yes", she says. So the policeman goes
to her house and starts looking for the burgler.

He has often been to Amsterdam.

Have you (ever) read David Copperfield?

Have you h d any serious illnesses?

(&

l have never known her to be angry.

Mr. White has been to Burma.

Mr. White has gone to Burma.

l've come to school without my glasses (= so now l can't see to read).

She has spent many years in France (= so now she probably knows a lot
about French and the French).

Mr. Green has bought a motor-car.(= so now ne needn't use buses or trains).

Mr. Grey has been out of work for several months (= so now he and his family
are short of money).

l've finished my work (= so now l can sit and rest).

l've bought a copy of the Concise Oxford Dictionary (= so now l possess this
dictionary).

Who has eaten all the cherries?

She has been waiting to see you since two o'clock (= and is still waiting).

l've been waiting to see you about several important matters.

They've been studying English for three years. om

It has been raining since early morning. , 0f

The baby has been crying all morning.

He has been working late every evening this week.

l've been reading David Copperfield this week.

She has been taking violin lessons this year.

At various times they have lived in Persia, Japan, Egypt and Nigeria.

SET C

bt 1. l don't feel like going out this evening. l've been working in the garden all day.

2. Please excuse my dirty clothes. l've been cleaning out the cellar. 3. Be carefull! John has been painting the door (= the paint is still wet). ^e!< 4. John has painted the door (= it is finished).

5. George has just gone out. George went out a moment ago.

C

6. It has just struck twelve.

Mr. White has just rung up.

The cat has just h d kittens.

You will just (= barely, with no time to spare) catch the bus if you hurry.

We haven't seen Helen for several months.

There has been/ We have h d no rain for over three weeks.

Have you been waiting long?/ for a long time?

Have the children gone to school yet?

Has Tom left you?

15. l've seen that film aiready.

16. l have never been down a coal-mine. 17. Tom hasn't come to school this morning. 18. He has been away f rom school (du ring) the last few weeks.

So far we have no trouble.

Up to the present, everything has been straight forward.
a

As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, he saw that one of the boys h d

drawn a sketch of him on the blackboard.

When Brown came to school in 1950, Green h d aiready been teaching there
for five years.

By three o'clock he h d answered only half the letters he h d received that
morning.

In 1950 he h d been married (for) ten years. '<_

On reaching the station, he found that his friend h d just arrived.       ^{: f}

When Joan came to England in 1952, she h d aiready learnt to speak English

They h d been to several parties during the Christmas holidays.

l was told that they h d left the district a few months before/ earlier/ previously.

He asked me where l h d been and what l h d been doing.

Mary told me that she h d visited Naples two years before.

When the Queen entered the hali, the orchestra played the National Anthem.

When the Anthem h d been played, the concert began.

l didn't reach the station untill after the train h d left./ The train h d left before l
reached the station.

For several years after Green (h d) left the college, he was employed by an
Insurance company.

They ran out to play after they h d finished breakfast.

The thief was caught after he h d disposed of the stolen goods.

We reached the football ground before the game h d started.

We have hoped that you would be able to visit us.

She h d thought of paying us a visit but the bad weather made her change the

pl ns.

They h d wanted to help but couldn't get in time.

SET D

Tomorrow will be Sunday.

My father will be seventy-five in May.

The holidays will soon be here.

On which day of the week will Christmas Day be (the) next year?

Will there be time to visit both the Museum and the Art Gallery?

It's very late. Won't the shops be closed now?

If you go out in all this rain, you'll get wet.

Unless the train is delayed by fog, we shall arrive at three o'clock.

They will be able to speak English well a year from now, provided they work hard.

We shall never finish the work if we go at this slow rate.

You'll never save any money while you're so extravagant.

l wonder what he will be doing at this time tomorrow? ,V5, f

If you don't write, everybody will be wondering what has happened to you.

Let's hope it won't be still raining when we have to go to school.

l leave for Dublin tomorrow.

Professor Black retires next year.

We dine with the Browns on Tuesday.

l'm taking the children to the Zoo on Sunday.

What are you doing tomorrow?

Where are you spending your next summer holidays?

We shall be going to Dublin next week.

l shall work/ l'm going to work harder next term.

There will be rain over southern England during the night.

It's going to rain soon. Look at those black clouds.

He's sure to be there (= He will certainly be there).

They're certain to need help (=They will certainly need help). *  '

h rit

It's sure to rain (= It will certa n ly rain).

>;1

l will pay you when/ if l have money. o

"3Q-"

l'll come as soon as l've finished writing this letter.

If l h d the money (now, or in the future), l should pay yoi what l owe.

It's time westarted. ^olbeJre.     ^-.

He has now been in prison for ten years.

In 1970 he h d been in prison for five years.

in 1995, if he is still alive, he will have been in prison for thirty years.

In six months from now l shall probably be in India.

By this time next year l shall have crossed three oceans and (shall) have seen
four or five continents.

l shall finish this work before five o'clock.

l shall have finished this work by five o'clock (= and shall then be able to sit
back and rest).

By this time next year George will have taken his university degree.

You will have heard the news (= l assume that you have heard it, it is likeiy
you have heard it).

SETE

Mr. Black is in the habit of staying up late at night to read.

Are you in the habit of reading in bed?

Mary often arrives at school late.

You take both milk and sugar in your tea, don't you?

At what time do you (usually) have lunch?

Why don't you shut the door quietly when you come in?

He's always grumbling.

His wife is always wanting money for new clothes.

Her husband is continually complaining of being hard up.

She can be very sarcastic/ charming etc. (= is/ was sometimes very sarcastic
etc.).

Children can be a great nuisance.

The Bay of Biscay can be very rough.

The English climate can be pretty grim in winter.

Sometimes the machine will go wrong without any apparent cause.

At times he will work for six or seven hours without stopping.

Accidents will happen (=There have always been accidents in the past and
we must expect them in the f u tu re).

Boys will be boys (= Boys have always been rough, noisy etc., and we
cannont expect them to be different).

There used to be a cinema here before the war.

Whenever l went to the theatre, l sat in the cheapest seats.
20. During the summer we went swimming every day.

l     21. People used to think/ It used to be thought that the sun travelled round the earth.

Life is not so easy here as it used to be.

You used to smoke a pipe, use(d)n't you? / didn't you?

That's where l used to live when l was a boy.

He was always grumbling.

He wouid cycle to school on fine days and wouid take the bus only when the
weatherwasbad. s

She wouid often come nome tired out.

Sometimes the boys wouid play tricks on their elder brother.

We've been having a lot of rain lately. (This points to frequently repeated
periods of rain. Cf. We've h d a lot of rain.)

l saw a m n go past, but l didn't look at him.

l looked out of the window, but it was dark and l saw nothing/1 could see nothing.

We listened carefully, but heard nothing/ could hear nothing.

Can you see Mary anywhere in the audience?

Can you hear what the speaker is saying?

Could you hear something moving about in the next room?

l'm seeing (= paying a visit to) my dentist this afternoon.

Tom is seeing a lot of Mary (= meeting her often, spending a lot of time with
ier) these days.

When you saw me at the airport this morning l was seeing a friend off.

l was just seeing a visitor out (= going to the front door with him).

Who is seeing to the arrangements for the next meeting?

It smells sweet/ sour/ nice/ disgusting etc.

She smells of garlic.

She was smelling the fish to find out whether it was fit to eat.

The milk tastes sour (= has a sour taste).

She was tasting the sauce to find out whether it was salt or sugar it wanted.

These sheets feel damp (= are damp when felt).
* 47. This feels like silk (= is like silk to the feel).

48. The doctor was feeling the boy's arm to see whether the bone was broken.

SET F

l see what you mean. ^tfr"-'"

l differ from you (= have a different opinion) on that point.

He is always differing / quarelling with his fellow-teacher.

l doubt whether he will come.

Do you doubt my word?

l find (= perce ve) that l was mistaken.

We're finding out (= discovering, learning) what really happened.
3. l forget his name.

3. l forgot the French word for "ankle".

He's forgetting his French.

Dear me, l'm forgetting my umbre/la! (colloquial: l almost forgot my umbrella).

Are you forgetting your manners?

We're thinking of (= considering the idea of) going to Scotland for our holidays.

l distrust that m n.

She's feeling/ She feels better today.

Can you see Mary anywhere in the audience? "

Can you hearwhatthe speaker is saying? i

Could you hear something moving about in the next room?

l'm seeing (= paying a visit to) my dentist this afternoon.

Tom is seeing a lot of Mary (= meeting her often, spending a lot of time with
her) these days.

When you saw me at the airport this morning l was seeing a friend off.

l was just seeing a visitor out (= going to the front door with him).

Who is seeing to the arrangements for the next meeting?

It smells sweet/ sour/ nice/ disgusting etc.

She smells of garlic.

She was smelling the fish to find out whether it was fit to eat.

The milk tastes sour (= has a sour taste).

She was tasting the sauce to find out whether it was salt or sugar it wanted.

These sheets feel damp (= are damp when felt).

This feels like silk (= is like silk to the feel).

The doctor was feeling the boy's arm to see whether the bone was broken.

SET F

l see what you mean.

l differ from you (= have a different opinion) on t hat point.

He is always differing / quarelling with his fellow-teacher.

l doubt whether he will come.

Do you doubt my word?

l find (= perceive) that l was mistaken.

We're finding out (= discovering, learning) what really happened.

l forget his name.

l forgot the French word for "ankle".

He's forgetting his French.

Dear me, l'm forgetting my umbrella! (colloquial: l almost forgot my umbrella).

Are you forgetting your manners?

We're thinking of (= considering the idea of) going to Scotland for our holidays.

l distrust that m n.

She's feeling/ She feels better today.

How are you liking your new job?

Do you mind if l opened the window?

Mr. White is minding (= looking after) the baby while his wife is out shopping.

It depends upon circumstances.

l depend/1 am depending upon you.

He is deserving (= worthy of) praise.

What's he wanting this time, l wonder.

That woman is wanting (= deficit) in tact.

There are two pages wanting/ missing from the book etc.

The old m n is getting weaker.

It is growing dark.

Will her dream come true?

Everything has gone wrong.

The leaves are turning brown.

He soon fell asleep.

Our supplies are running low.

The capet is wearing thin.

Eggs are getting scarcer.

It's getting near tea-time.

He often gets/ becomes quarrelsome when he's been drinking.

We're are getting/ growing older.

He's getting to be/ He is becoming quite a good pianist.

They got to be friends.

He soon got to know (= learn) the wisdom of being patient.

They got to words and to blows (= began arguing and then fighting).

SET G

How did they become/ get acquainted?

She become / grew suspicious.

You will soon become/ get accustomed to the climate.

The child became/ got pale and thin.

When it became/ grew/ fell dark...

When the sums/ payment bills became/ fali due...

On leaving school he became a bank clerk.

He became Chairman of the Board of Directors in 1950.

Are you likely ever to become a headmaster?

Time is growing/ getting short.

She trembled and grew faint.

The sea is growing calmer.

She's growing/getting to be more and more like her mother.

She's growing to like him better.

He grew/ came to belive that (= reached the stage of beliving that).

Everything will come right in the end.

My shoelaces have come undone/ untied.

How did you come to hear the news?

When the news came to be known...

She went/ turned pale at the news.

The milk went/ turned sour.

The telephone has gone dead.

His hair has gone/turned white.

He's going bald.

The meat has gone bad.

Fruit quickly goes rotten in hot weather.

He went mad/ insane.

Her cheeks went/ turned a very pretty pink.

He went off his head.

He went to sleep/ He fell asleep.

She went to pieces (= lost her control of the game) in the second set (tennis).

The weather turned/ became much colder. >,;,_; , _f

l hope you'll never turned Communist/ become a Communist.

s it wise for a great general to turn politician?

When her servant left to have a baby, Mrs. Green h d to turn cook (= became
e cook for the Household).

When it freezes, water turns to ice.

The snow soon turned to rain.

The stone steps have worn smooth (= have become smooth through beingf
>dden on).

The material is wearing into holes.

The well has run dry.

The cows are running dry (= not giving milk).

When do the rates/ taxes fali due?

The post of headmaster fali/ became vacant.

At the headmaster's entry everyone fell/ become silent.

He fell to speculating (= began to speculate) on the probable reason for her
refusal to marry him.

She fell a-sobbing.

He is likely to fali out of favour.

It is bad to fali behind the times.

SET H

Little did they know what would happen.

In no other way can the matter be explained /The matter can be explained in no
other way.

Hardly h d we started when it began to rain/ We h d hardly started when it began
to rain.

Can you do it alone? Yes, l think l can.

Who wants to come with me? AII of us do.

He didn't often grumble and when he did (grumble), no one paid any attention
to him.

l can do it, so can you (=you also can do it).

l can't do it and neither can you (=you can't do it, either).

Tom went to church and so did his sister (= and his sister went to church, too).

Harry didn't go to church; nor did his sister (= and his sister didn't go to church
either/ Neither Harry nor his sister went to church).

11. X. l must leave now. Y. So must l (= and l must leave now, too).

X. l hear you went to Leeds last week. Y. So l did.

Why didn't you help the old m n? But l did (= l did help the old m n).

If l do find the book l'll send it to you.

He doesn't often visit me, but when he does, he stays for hours.  .

You are working hard!

A."Whobrokethewindow?"B."ldidn't." A."Whodid breakit?" (Instead of "who
broke it?" as in the first question).

What long hair you have/ How long your hair isl

Do you have (= drink) coffee or tea for breakfast? Cf. Have we (got) (= is there)

fee in the house?

At what time do you have (= take) breakfast?

How often do you have (= receive) letters from your brother?

How often do you have (= take/ receive) English lessons? Cf. Have you an English his morning? (= is there one in the time-table)?

Do you have much time for tennis?

Have you (got) time for a game of tennis this afternoon? (= on a particular

on)

Do you often have (= suffer from) colds? Cf. You haven't got a cold now, l hope.

Does Helen ever do any of her homework?

\t what time do you have to be in the office every morning?

have to be/ l've got to be in the office half an hour earlier than usual tomorrow particular occasion).

Ve don't have to work on Saturday afternoon.

he firm is very busy this week so we've got to work tomorrow afternoon, i it is Saturday.

have my hair cut/1 get a haircut once a month.

'hen did you last have your hair cut?/ When did you last have/ get a haircut?

om did most of the work.

arry didn't do much of the work.

SET l

e work needed time and patience.

f shoes need mending/ need to be mended.

you need to work so late? He doesn't need to work so late, does he?

ed he work so late? He needn't work so late, does he?

u must stay early in order to arrive before dark.

u'll have/ need to hurry if you want to catch the 2.15 train.

didn't need to hurry (= It wasn't necessary for us to hurry and we didn't

e needn't have hurried (= We have hurried. But now we see that it wasn't ry after all).

ey didn't need to go (= Whether they did go or did not go, it wasn't

pecessary for them to go).

They needn't have gone(=They have gone. But as it has turned out, it wasn't
pecessary for them to go).

Need you go yet? Yes, l must.

Harry met Mr. Green yesterday but he daren't teii him that we h d smashed the
motor-car borrowed from him.

Will you teii Mr. Green that we've smashed his motor-car? l daren't teii him.

Harry met Mr. Green yesterday but he didn't dare (to) teii him the truth.

How dare you speak to me like that?

How dare he say such things about me?

Dare he admit it?

Do they dare (= are they impudent enought) to suggest that we have been
dishonest?

He dared me to jump across the stream.

l dare anyone to prove the facts are incorrect.

He was ready to dare any danger.

You used to live in Leeds, use(d)n't/ didn't you?

A. "Brown used to live in Leeds."
B. "Oh, did he?/ Oh, used he?"

He's not used to h ard manual work.

SET J

As the boy is walking along, he sees a horse with a m n on its back. He asks
the m n if his son has left home yet. The m n says that the boy stayed at home
because he is expecting his uncie and grand-father to come to see him. The boy's
uncie is an actor and his grand-father is a manager of a theatre. Just then a policeman
comes up and asks the boy if he h d seen a bull wandering down the road. The boy
says he has seen nothing but a cock, two drakes and a gander, which he thinks belong
to the gentleman who lives at the big house, Lord Wembley, a widower with ten
children. The policeman asks who is helping in keeping the house. The m n says he
thinks it is Lord Wimbley's brother-in-law. The policeman says that if his brother-in-law
is keeping house for all those children, he is a hero. (dupa C.E. Eckersley, Essential
English for Foreign Students, Book 2.)

What l needed most was a boat in which l could take the things to land, but there
were none, so l set to work to make a raft of the boards of the ship.

All this was hard work, but at last l did it. l took a lot of bread and rice, cheese, meat, corn, some clothes and a large box of tools. As well as these l found guns, powder and

shot, also two swords, all of which l put on my raft, as l thought they will be of great use. My next task was to get to shore with my goods, which l found by no means easy. Once l and my things were almost thrown into the sea by a big wave, but with much care l was at last able to guide my raft to land. l did this with an old oar l h d found on the ship.

As yet l did not know where l was, or if there were any other men near me. There was a hill not far from the shore which rose up very steep and high, so l went to the top of this to see what part of the world l was in. Then l saw l was on an island, with the sea all round me, and that there were no other men on it. (D. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, adapted).

While Harry is settling about our room with the reception clerk, we are waiting in
the hali. It is a nice place with dark old style furniture. From here we can see a part of
a sitting-room. A fire is burning in a fire-place, two old ladies are sitting in big armchairs
on each side of it. They are drinking tea. A very tall thin elderly gentleman is standing
with nis back to the fire. He is smoking a pipe. They seem to belong to another century.
Yet the hali is crowded with young people all looking very modern.^

"Does this remind you of Dickens or of Theckeray?"

"Of both. The old and the modern. Isn't it typically English?" (din This is Londori).

(a) Let us book our tickets today so that when we go to the station there may be no
unnecessary hurry and excitement. (b)Theboyaskedhisparentswhetherhemightgoto
thefootballmatch. (c) He sent nis mother atelegram so that his sudden return might not
excite hertoo much (d)Thosewhohavefinishedtheirpapermay leavethe lecture- hali
if they go quietly. (e) They spoke in whispers so that the people in the next room might
notknowoftheirpresenceinthehouse. (f)RobinsonCrusoetookoutoftheshipeverything
that he thought might be useful.

(a) We shall arrive tomorrow by the 7 p.m. train. (b) Shall we be back in time for tea?
(c) He said l was not to go, but l certainly shall. (d) He says he won't go, but l say he
shall. (e) Shall the boy wait? (f) You shall not have it; it is mine. (g) Ships shall carry
three lights. (h) Old traditions shall not die! (i) l'll caii the people in for dinner, shall l? (j)
Let's go in, shall we? (k) Who shall describe their surprise? (I) You shan't have any! (m)
You shall pay for this! (n) If he comes l shall speak to him. (o) l shall explain the situation
to you and you will listen. (p) Tomorrow l shall go and he will arrive. (q) Shall you come
too? (r) Shall we take the bus, or shall we walk there? (s) "You shall never set foot in
my house again", said Ann Agnesto Mr.Murdstone. (t)Allourscietntificpapersshall be
completed by the 23rd of December. (u) The author promises that his readers shall be
surprised.

An hour passed. The pale light of the short, sunless day was beginning to fade.
A cry arose. The m n in front turned his head. He looked at the m n behind. They
nodded to each other over the little boy's head. A second cry arose. It was a wolf.

Henry looked up. It was dark. He saw a pair of eyes, then a second pair, and a third. The dogs were afraid. Bill could not sleep. He saw the shining eyes quite near. (J.London, Stories about Dogs).

L

We were poor. We h d no money. Our whole tribe was poverty-stricken. Every
branch of the family was living in the most amazing and comical poverty in the world.
Nobody could understand where we ever got enough money. Most important of all,
though, we were famous for our honesty. We h d been famous for our honesty for
something like eleven centuries, even when we h d been the wealthiest family in what
we liked to think was the world. We were proud first, honest next, and after that we
belived in right and wrong. None of us would take advantage of anybody in the world,
let alone steal. (W.Saroyan, My Name is Aram).

"A Forsyte", replied young Joylon, "is not an uncommon animal. There are
hundreds among the members of this Club. Hundreds out there in the streets; you
meet them wherever you go!"

"And how do you teii them, may l ask?" said Bosinney.

"By their sense of property. A Forsyte takes a practicai one might say a common sense view of things, and a practicai view of things is based fundamentally on a sense of property. A Forsyte, you will notice, never gives himself away." (J. Galsworthy, The Forsyte Saga).

l found some matches, climbed on the table, lit the gas lamp, then settled down
to read. Since l h d arrived at the house, found all serene, seen my mother, l was
completely reassured. l was wrapped in the security of childhood...   For those
moments, which l remembered all my life, h d already passed out of mind the day
they happened. l curled up on the sofa and lost myself in The Captain. Aunt Milly was
violently opposed to my "white-collar job". "That's all it is", said aunt Milly in her loudest
voice to my mother: "He's just going off to be a wretched little m n in white-collar job. l
never did belive all that people told me about your son, but ne seems to have more brains
than some of them. Now he's content to go off to the first white-collar job he sees. Don't
complain to me when he finds himself in the same office when he's forty. No wonder they
say that the present generation hasn't a scrap of entreprise." (C.P. Snow, Time of Hope).

The stranger come early in February, one wintry day, through a biting wind and
a driving snow, the last snowfall of the year, and carrying a little black portemanteau
in his thickly-gloved hand. He was wrapped up f rom head to foot, and the brim of his
soft felt hat hid every inch of his face save the shiny tip of his nose; the snow h d piled
itself againsthis shoulders andchest, andadded awhitecresttotheburden hecarried.
He staggered into the "Coach and Horse" more dead than alive, and flung his
portemanteau down. "A fire", he cried, "in the name of human charity! A room and a
fire!" He stamped and shook the snow from off himself in the bar, and followed Mrs.
Hali into her guest parlour to strike his bargain. And with that much introduction, that
and a couple of sovereigns flung upon the table, he took up his quarters in the inn.
(H.G Wells, The Invisible M n).

These thoughts have occured to me because l read in this morning's paperthat
Edward Hyde Burton h d died at Kobe. He was a merchant and he h d been in Japan
for many years. l knew him very litte, but he interested me because once he gave me

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pgjuoMun ub sbm ji 'ejns gq oj_ 'XJIU0IP jginb qj/M edoj gqj pejdeoos pBq >(ong 'si

(pno/o d/}}/-j y 'eoAop seujef)

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.luooj eqj ui Luiq jnoqB esjeA eqj ;o LuqjAqj eqj }/e| en '.

eu '>)ooq eqj ui Lueod jsjy eqj psej oj UB0eq pUB p/iqo eqj ue>(BM pjnoqs eq jse| puBq sil) qjiM AjsnoijnBO ji peuedo en '9|qEj eqj uo Luiq ejo/eq xb| SLueod s.uojXg /o emn/OA v

".Luiq ue>(BM },uoo 'ejeH,,

:piBS pub slujb siq ui X/jjep

Pl.iqo 0uideg|S gqj jnd gqg 'JB0ns ;o spunod omj pus sej jo punod b /o jejJBnb b jo; jiesjeij jno o0 oj pepioep eqs pesop jeujoo eqj jb doqs eqj qoiqM jb emij eqj JBeu euJBO ji ueg/vi jnq Bej Xus jnoqjiM op p/noM eqs pibs eqg 'SJeMSUB jjoqs Luiq eAE0 pub jnoujnq peq b ui sbm eqs 'esjnoo /o 'S,Xe|Meg luoj; eej/oo ;o (eojBd eqj eujoq eiuuv 0uuq oj uejjofijo/ psq gq 'jgAoeJOLU 'puB Bej jqj ejB| eujoo psq je/pUEqo 9|JJ.n 'suiu oj jejJBnb b sbm \\ 'oSe 0uo| eujoq euo0 pBq boiuoi/v jng 'djeq oj 0uiueAe eqj ui os jo jnoq ub pub buiujolu a^\ ui os jo jnoq ub jo/ euJBO boiuoj^ jejsis 0unoX s.eiuuv Jnq 'jubajos ou jdg>j Xsqj Xeuow eABS oi 'SLUJB siq ui p|iqo b 0uip|oq '||Bq eqj yo luooj eqj ui jbs jeipuBqo 9|JJ.n 'frt

(ed$ au} pue ueyy PIO ^9Li± 'XBM0uiLueH '3) "'UBqgsBq oj ujgqj 0u,uq oj pue sjBoq j/gqj ui Lueqj oj >f/Bj oj soipsj eABq qou eqj puv '9JBO jou op) 'xzbjo jou lub | eouis jng,, .pno/B pibs eq '"xzbjo lub | JBqj >)uiqj pjnoM Xeqj pno| jno 0u;>)jBj euj pJEeq sjgqjo gqj j|"

.XouuB pjnoo eq jBqj euo ou sbm 9J8U.J

9ouis seujij xublu pno/B sjq0noqj siq pibs gq mou jng 'ji pejoedsej pus os ji pejepisuoo sXBM/B pBq ublu p/0 eqj puB Bes jb X|iJBSseoeuun >j|bj oj jou enjjiA b pejepisuoo sbm j) ugqjBeM pBq Xq punoq-ujjojs ejeM Xeqj ugqM JO jq0/u jb pe>j|B} Xgqi .XjBSse"'¹" sbm ji ugqM X/uo e>jods X||Bnsn Aeqj jgqjg0oj pgqsy Aoq gqj pus gq ugqM 'Jgqujei jou pip eq jng 'j;ej psq Aoq eqj ueqM 'euojB ueqM pnojB >(|Bj oj pejJBjs A/qBqojd pBq .sjBoq e/jjnj gqj ui jo s>fOBLUs gqj ui qojBM siq uo 0uugejs euojB sbm eq ueqM seui.ijgL jq0ju jb 0uns pBq eq puB sABp pjo eqj ui jjesLujq Aq sbm eq ueqM 0uns pBq eu 'J|9^SI Aq sbm sq ueqM pnojB >()Bj oj pejJBjs jsjy psq eq ueqM jeqLueujej jou pip en 'Ł/.

(asjj. 3/dcfy syj. 'AqjJOMS/BŁ) uqopj

^u

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mo

(reappear) for whales cannot remain below for very long at a time the men in the boat nearest to him (hurl) their harpoons which (bury) themselves right in his flesh, and the whale immediately (dive) down, dragging the boat along at a great speed the harpoons having ropes attached to them, which (be) laid out by the men in the boat as the whale (swim) away. Meanwhile the other boats (come) nearer and nearer to the scene of the encounter, and we all (wait) anxiously for his reappearance, fearing lest the ropes should not be long enough. The boat (be) dragged along a great pace, and the water (fi||) it-though the wale (show) no signs of exhaustion when suddenly he (reappear), and immediately a number of fresh harpoons (be) hurled at him. This (excite) the monster so much, that full of furry, he (attack) the boat, and with one blow of his mighty tail (break) it to pieces, throwing the men in it high into the air. A str nge scene then (present) itself. Men (struggle) in the water in all directions, some (swim) towards the other boats, others (cling) to fragments of the wreck; some of the boats (try) to give assistance to the drowing men, while others (dart) in pursuit of the whale which (makeoff) as fast as he (can). When we again (get) near him we (hurl) more harpoons, and this time with such succes that he (turn) over in the water dead. Our duty (be) then to tow the huge mass of flesh back to the ship which (be) several miles off, and the rest of the day (be) occupied in cutting up the carcase, and in throwing away such parts as (be) useless.

(2) Present and Past (Simple and Continuous)

II. Before paper (be) invented, people (write) their thoughts upon various other materials. The ancient Babylonians (use) clay, on which they (make) wedgeshaped or cuneifom marks, and which (be) afterwards baken hard. A letter (be) therefore conveyed in the form of a brick. History (be) engraved on stone monuments, and our knowledge of what those ancient people (do) (be) taken chiefly from the stone tablets and the buildings which they (erect). Later on, the Romans and Greeks (scratch) the word upon soft wax with a metal pen or stylus (a word from which the English style (be) derived).TheEgyptians (be)thefirstpeopletomakepaperfromthepapyrusplant,andthisinventions(be)certainly one of the mostvaluableto the human race, for ithasmadewritingeasier and more easily conveyedfromplacetoplace.Parchment(be)alsousedinancienttimes,andit(be)prized so highly that people often (erase) the writing on a piece of parchment in order to use it again, ratherthan use a new piece. Books (be) originally made in the form of a role like the wall-maps we (use) in school now; the writing (be) of course begun at the top, and that (be) why we (use) the expression "above" when refering to anything previously mentioned in a book or letter. With the use of paper, books (come) to be divided into pages and bound in the form in which we now (see) them. Books (be) for a long time so valuable that the bibles (be) fastened up in the churches by the chains so that they (can) not be stoleri-Paper (can) be manufactured from rags, linen making the finest kind; it (be) also made f rom wood. The bestkind of all (be) that now made at Oxford- it(be)sothinthathundreds of pages (can) be compressed into the space occupied by 20 or 30 pages of the thickef kind, and at the same time it (be) so opaque that the print (can) not be seen through the leaf. Many things (be) now made of paper called papier m che, and this material (can) be made so hard that it (be) possibte to make even household ustensils out of it. The

arnount of waste-paper we now (destroy) (show) howfar we have advanced since the time when every piece of paper (be) treasured up as a great rarity.

(3) Present, Present Perfect and Past

(a)      The art of printing (be) known in Europe for several centuries. It (confer) untold
benefits on the human race, it (enlarge) the boundaries of knowledge and (do) away with
much ignorance and superstition, and (lead) to the discovery of many of the most important
laws of nature. Almost every adult now (learn) to read and write, and education (become)
so general than even children now know facts which (be) hidden from the wisest of our
ancestors. Printing (be) originally invented by the Chinese, but they (make) no progress in
the art, so that China (derive) less benefit from her discovery than Europe, where it (be)
made much later. Before the invention of this art, writing (be) very laborious, and
consequently books (be) so rare that to possess a hundred books (mean) to possess a
very large library, and (be) the privilege of the very rich. Since the discovery of steam, the
art of printing not (stand) still, but (make) enormous strides, so that what once (take) weeks
to print can now be produced in a few hours. Decades ago the linotype machine (be)
invented by which type can be set up almost as quickly as the words can be written down.

(b)      About a hundred years ago, the history of the Ancient Egyptians (be) practically
unknown, but in recent times many of the inscriptions on the tombs (be) deciphered, dead
languages (be) interpreted, and, the deeds of many fogotten nations (be) revealed to us.
The ancient kings who (lie) buried for so many centuries (be) distinerred and, as it were,
(rise) to life again to teii us their thoughts and ambitions. Even the great Pyramids (be)
unable to conceal their contents from us. We (learn) what happened almost at the dawn
of civilisation and we can picture the manners and customs of ancient people who (pass)
away long since. How greateful we should be to those great scholars who (devote) their
lives in the investigation on such wonderful things, and who (add) so greatly to our store
of knowledge and to our understanding of those civilisations out of which our own (arise).

(c)      Flying-Fish. Much discussion (be) taking place of late about the habits of these
remarkable creatures. It (be) formely belived that these fish (possess) merely the means
f jumping out of the water and of supporting themselves in the air by means of their fins,
and some observers (declare) that they never (see) them fly in the true sense of the word,
that is so say rise, sink, turn on hover as birds (can). Others on the other hand (assert)
that they actually (see) flying fish act in this way, that they (watch) them flying about in any
direclions at will, and returning on the water only when their enemies of the air (drive) them
^to seek refuge in the element from whose dangers they (escape).

(d)      The cinematograph (be) one of the most popular inventions which (appear) in the
ast decade of the nineteenth century. By means of it, every imaginable scene (can) be set
before us, and not only (can) representations of real events, such as earthquakes,
^c nflagrations and wars (be) (show) on the screen, but also imaginary ones. For instance,

l (see) moving pictures of the people run over by railway- trains, and (be) thrilled by the sight of people diving into the water, and (laugh) at men taking off an apparently endless number of waistcoats. In fact, acting scenes for the cinematograph (become) quite a profession in itself. In the inter-war period, the phonograph (be) added to the cinematograph, so that the actors in the scenes (be) made to speak and act simultaneously, which (give) such an air of reality to the performance that one (be) apt to forget that the actors (be) not real personages, but shadows.-Before the invention of the cinematograph, people (be) delighted by the magic lantern, by which coloured pictures (be) thrown on a screen. This (be) said to (be) invented in the Middle Ages by the monk Roger Bacon, who (be) also famous for other useful discoveries.

(e) The study of astrology (be) much followed in the Middle Age. People (consult) the position of the stars before they (undertake) any important work, to see whetherthe planets (be) favourable to their enterprise or not, and (desist) from it if they (be) unfavourable. The name "Cairo" (be) due to an incident connected with these ideas: Moizz (instruct) his astrologers to find a propitious moment for the foundation of a new city, but owing to an accident the foundation (be) laid too soon. They (consult) the stars and (find) that Mars (be) in the ascendant, and the new city accordingly (receive) its name from the planet (Al Kahir). Many of the words and expressions used in astrology (survive) in modern English, and (be) in common use, such as: ill-starred= disastrous; be in ascendancy ot/er(this is: to have great influence over); tobe born underaluckstar; the stars fightfororagainst us. Some of them (lose) the forcethey originally (possess), owing tothe decay of the beli' in astrology.

(4) Past and Past Perfect

(a) THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW

In 1812 Napoleon (determine) to advance on Moscow. From many years before that he (be) war with different nations. He (win) and (lose) many important battles. His fleet (be) destroyed at Trafalgar, but he (win) brilliant victories at Austerlitz, Jena and other places, he (dethrone) kings and (place) his marshals and his relatives in their places. Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, all (fali) under his power, but Russia he not (attack) as yet. He therefore (advance) confidently through Russia, where he (find) but little opposition, and (make) his way towards Moscow. When at last he (reach) the town, he (see) it in flames. In a short time all (be) destroyed, and his army (find) no means of subsidence. The winter (come) on and he (have) no course but to retreat. His army (suffer) terribly on the way. His men and horses (die) by the thousands in the snow, and (lie) where they (fali). Of all that splendid army which he (lead) to Moscow, only a few (live) to reach Paris.

(b) Supply the correct tense, distinguishing those events which happened before the accession of Charles II and those which took place after that.

SPAINUNDER CHARLES II

The conditions of Spain at the accession of Charles II (be) deplorable. The policy of his predecessors, particulary that of Philip II (ruin) the country. The population, which (reach) twenty million a generation before, now (number) only six million; the finances (be) in cjisorder, trade (be) at a standstill, and all the industries which (be) so prosperous during previous reigns (leave) the country; agriculture (languish) and the cuitivators of the soil (be) almost destituie. All this (be) due to the disastrous policy of that ambitious king, Philip II. He h d aimed at the suppression of Protestantism wherever he (find) it; ne (wage) war not only on Holland and England but also on his own subjects; he (despatch) a splendidly equipped fleet against England, which (be) utterly destroyed, leaving Spain without a navy, while his endeavours to obtain money to carry out his schemes by the heavy taxation of his possessions in the New World and in Italy (result) in failure. Spain not (recover) from this drain on her resources by the time Charles II ascended the throne, nor matters (improve) much during his reign. France, on the other hand, (find) herself in a very favourable position, and (take) advantage of the weakness of her neighbour to attack the Spain Netherlands and to seize large tracts of country on the Eastern and Southern frontiers of France which (be) held by former kings of Spain. On the death of Charles II, Louis XIV of France (engage) in a war with Europe to obtain the throne of Spain for his grandson, the nephew of Charles; and this (be) at last secured him by the treaty of Utrecht.

(5) Present, Present Perfect, Past and Past Perfect

(a) Once there (rule) a powerful king over the island of Samos. He (be) rich and prosperous, and at last his prosperity (rise) to such a height that he (begin) to be afraid lest the gods (be) jealous of his happiness. Accordingly he (send) messengers to consult an oracle in another country, telling them to bring the answer as soon as they (obtain) it. When they (reach) the oracle they (receive) the answer: "(Teii) the king if he (wish) to escape the anger of the gods, he must throw into the sea that which he (hold) to be the dearest of aii his possessions." The messengers (return) and (teii) the king what the oracle (say). The king therefore (take) a boat and (go) out to sea, and (throw) away a ring which he (value) greatly because his dead wife (give) it on him saying to himself: "Surely the gods (accept) this great sacrifice and (spare) me." He (go) to bed that night thinking over what he (do) that day and wondering whether the gods (keep) him safe from harm. When he (^rise) in the morning after (have) little sieep, he (sit) down to breakfast eagerly, for he (fast) for many hours. Imagine his surprise when he (open) a fish that (be prepared) for him and (see) the ring he (throw) away the day before! A fisherman (catch) the fish that morning ^and (bring) it to the palace, not knowing what (be) inside it. The king then (understand) that ^e gods (refuse) his sacrifice. He soon (begin) to lose his power, and not many months Passed before he (lose) all his possessions and (die) in great misery. This story is a warning ^to us not to flatter ourselves that our happines (be) enduring, unless we (depend) more ^uPon ourselves than upon that we (have).

(b) The ancients (have) many str nge ideas about the world around them and (lo| to imagine that the forces and phenomen a of nature (be) supernatural beings endov with life. Thus the great mountain Atlas, which (stand) in the West of Africa, (be) suppc to be a giant that (hold) up the sky on his shoulders, and the atlases or maps of the wd we now (use) are often ornamented by a picture of the giant carrying the world. Mount E| in Sicily, which often (send) forth smoke and burning lava, (be) supposed to hold bene it the giant Enceladus, who (take) part in the war against the gods and (be) imprisoij below as a punishment. The volcanoes (be) regarded as the workshops of the god Vuld -- hence the name. The moon (be) Diana, and the sun Apollo, Zeus or Jupiter (rule)J sky and the thunder, Neptune the sea, and Pluto the underworld where the souls ofl dead (be) supposed to go. Cronos, whom the Romans (caii) Saturn, (be) the father of and (be) supposed to have devoured his own children. They (be) quite ignorant ofl causes of the seasons, of day and night, of the tides and many things which every cj (know) now. They (belive) the world (be) flat, and surrounded by a vast sea into which j sun (sink) at night, while Greece (be) thought to be the centre of the earth. Altough\ (know) how erroneous all these notions (be), yet we (admire) the beauty of many of i legends and tales, and English literature (be) so full of allusions to the idea of the Gre and Romans that no one (can) thoroughly engoy English literature without having stuc classical literature to some extent, while many modern poets (found) their works on th< legends. Poets of other European nations (do) the same, and many of the finest plays i dramas of European literature (be) based on those of the ancient Greeks. Anyone v (study) European languages (know) how full they (be) of the thoughts and words of ancient, so much so that for many generations after the revival of learning in Europe classical education (be) thought to be only one worthy of a well-educated m n, thougt late our ideas (change) greatly in regard to this.

(6) General Exercise on Tenses Supply the correct tense.

The effect on Europe of the conquest of Constantinople by Turks (be) far-reachin< the extreme. First of all, the overland trade route to the East (be) stopped completely, < this (compel) European marchants to seek some other way of reaching India. J\ knowledge of the fact that the earth (be) round (lead) them to suppose that India (can) reached from Europe by travelling westward. This idea (be) sound, but they (be) as . unaware of a great continent lying between Europe and India if they (select) this rouii Accordingly, Columbus, on finding land, (suppose) it (be) the shores of Asia. Ott explorers (sail) round the Cape of Good Hope, while some English sailors (endeavour^ find a passage by the North-West, passing the extreme North of America. Thus, mi geographical discoveries (result).

Meanwhile the literature and thought of Europe (undergo) a great transformation. T monks and learned men who (make) Constantinople famous for learning (flee) with thc books and libraries to all parts of Europe, taking with them their knowledge of the Latin ar

_reek language. All the nations of the Westthen (take) upthe study of thosetwo language nose literature (remain) almost unknown for so many centuries, and Latin and Greek ) the foundations of education; hundreds of new words (be) introduced into English as into other languages, and (enrich) their vocabulary and (increase) their power expression. In English most of these words (remain) untill now, while in French which ) derived f rom Latin, a great many (fali) into disuse. A new form of literature and science Dring) up, and the darkness and ignorance which (be) so general in the Middle Ages gin) to pass away. The habits of inventing new words from Latin or Greek roots sntinue) down to the present time, and among the more recent (be) the photograph and nematograph.

II. Of late l (devote) myself to the study of literature, as it (become) clear to me what
iluable friends books (be). They (be) nevercross or disagreeable, nor, like false friends,
ey (flatter). The characters described in the books of the great novelist (become) so real
me that l long (regard) them as my personal friends, and (long) to shake them by the

ind. Our friends in life often (disappoint) us, they may go away and forget us, or they ecome) our enemies, but we (can) always rely on our books. In life we (be) often sappointed of our dearest hopes, our ambitions (be) not realized, we (lose) our most ized possessions. But nothing (can) ever rob the memory that (be) well stocked with the ;ms of literature, and even though we (become) blind, or (sink) to destitution, we (can) ways draw from the deep well of memory the thoughts that (delight) us in the past. How uch l (regret) the time l (spend) in pursuingtheshadowsofthisworld.when l (may)store y mind with useful knowledge!

III. What (be) there in space between us and the stars? Ancient philosophers (think)
iat there (be) nothing at all. But the discovery of the principles of the transference of light
rove) that light cannot move through nothingness any more than sound (can) pass
rough a vacuum. If there (be) nothing between us and the sun we (be) in total darkness,
st as we (be) in complete silence without air. Philosophers (give) to this mysterious

edium the name of "ether". Latterly, many scientists (investigate) its nature without being le to solve the problem except by finding what (appear) to be its properties. But no one er (succeed). We must therefore be content with what they (be) able to teii us about its sperties that is, what it (do) - hoping that the scientists of the future (be) more succesful n of our own times (be) hitherto. IV. FACTS (BE) STRANGER THAN FICTION The ancients (imagine) str nge and impossible monsters by putting togetherthe various parts properties of such beings as they (acquaint) with; for instance, the chimera - which they ave the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent; Pegasus - ahorse (have) wings and (can) fly; Cheiron - a monster which (have) the body of a horse and the ^reast and head of a m n; and the Hydra - a serpent with many heads each one of which "'Jltiply) seven times if it (cut) off, and which Hercules (succeed) in killing. But modern science us wonders f ar greater that the ancients (dream) of. What feat of magic or enchantment

ever (equal) the passing of messages at lightning speed through hundreds of miles, whit the discovery of wireless telegraphy (make) possible for us? What fairy of ancient tinu ever (weigh) the sun and the most distant stars or (teii) us what they (be) made of, (discover) the existence of planets by mere calculation? What giant ever (conceive) shi as large as many houses, or even palaces made of solid steel, driven through the wa faster than any vehicle (can) travel in ancient days, and hurling to enormous distanq shells larger and more destructive than any thunderbolt that Jupter, the god of the ever (cast) in his anger?

V. Use the correct tenses. Be sure you distinguish the incidents whk happened before Duncan's murdar f rom those which succeded it:

Macbeth (be) successful in an important battle againstthe Danes, whom he (defe; with great slaughter, and by his prowness he (obtain) the favour of King Duncan. But certa witches (excite) his ambitions by suggesting to him that he (be) king one day, and his wi (urge) him to commit the crime of murdering the king, telling him how splendid his positii (be) if he (do) so, and assuring him that failure (be) impossible. Thus persuaded, Macbe (murder) Duncan, whom he (invite) to stay in his castle as a guest, but no sooner (be) ti deed done that he (repent) of the false step he (make). His conscience (trouble) him, ai though he (seize) the crown and (become) king, his happiness (depart), and he (be) unab to hide the terror of his guilt even from his guests. The murders he (commit) to establii his position only (make) matters worse, and just retribution at last (overtake) him and wife, whose ambition (goad) him to crime, and (make) an honest m n into a criminal.

(dupa Brackenbury)

P.S. Va rog frumos, nu uitati ca, dupa punerea verbelor din paranteze la timpurile ceru de sens, sa va verificati munca referindu-va la cheile exercitiilor, iar apoi sa TRADUCE TOATE TEXTELE N ROM N SI S V VERIFICA I DIN NOU CORECTITUDINE CU CHEILE RESPECTIVE.

REZOLVAREA EXERCITIILOR

Exercitii de traducere din rom na n engleza

Explicatii preliminare:     / (bara nseamna solutie alternativa, adica l'd /1 h d rather

nseamna ca se poate spune si l'd rather si / h d rather.

// (bara dubla) arata posibilitatea folosirii alternative a unor
cuvinte (mai) departate ca sens, care se pot nsa schimba ntre
^ ^r ele: fo grow tired // old II young etc.

_t                 () arata caracterul facultativ al cuv ntului sau cuvintelor dintre

ele: he sa/d (that) he was tired nseamna ca ambele forme sunt

corecte.

SEC IUNEA NT I

CHEIA SET l

It is raining (Actiune momentana din prezent; ntruc t nu exista vreun adverb care sa specific^
altceva, se exprima cu prezentul continuu).

It rains (quite) often in England / In England it rains rather often (Actiune generala, repetata, decj
present indefinite cu sens general).

It has been raining for two hours (Actiunea a nceput n trecut si continua n prezent - deci
present perfect continuous la verbele care au aspectul continuu; exceptie: verbele de perceptie, cel afective, mai ales de dorinta, cele ce exprima durata, sau, invers, cele cu caracter momentan etc.).

It has rained (Actiune trecuta, dar neprecizata n timp^cu eventuale rezultate sau urme vizibil^
n prezent).

It rained from three to five (S-a folosit pasf tense ntruc t momentui/timpul este precizat sj
actiunea nu are legatura cu prezentul).

It was raining when l / we reached Ploiesti sau When we arrived in / at Ploiesti it was raining
(Pasf continuous pentru a arata simultaneitatea: ploaia era n curs c nd am sosit noi).

It h d rained when we arrived (there) (Past perfect exprima anterioritatea ploii).

It h d been raining for three days when we returned from the mountains (Past perfect continuous
arata ca actiunea anterioara continua c nd a nceput cea de a doua).

l thought it h d rained (Pastperfect arata anterioritatea celei de-a doua actiuni).

l thought it was raining (Past continuous arata simultaneitatea celor doua actiuni).

11.1 was sure/certain (that) it would rain (Future-in-the pasf arata ulterioritatea celei de-a doua actiuni fata de prima).

She told me (that) she would ring me up later (idem).

My eldersisterisfouryearsolderthan me/thanl (am) ( n engleza britanica (e/derj este folosit,
numai atributiv, n cadrul unei familii, clase sau al unui grup; o/denn toate celelalte cazuri).

Have you read F nus Neagu's latest book? (Present perfect pentru ca nu se precizeaza
momentul; latest pentru ca Fanus Neagu traieste si mai poate scrie si alte carti)

Sadoveanu's last novei was called The Ewe's Song/ The Song of the Ewe (M.S. a murit).

If l h d h d time / H d l h d time l should / l'd have read the book last night (Omisiunea lui if
e posibila daca secundara conditionala precede principala).

If he lends me his umbrella, l shall go for a walk (Nu se poate omite if; daca spunem Should
he lend me his umbrella ar nsemna ca ne exprimam ndoiala, conditia fiind nesigura

If l met him l shouldtell himthat he h d behaved badly /that he h d misbehaved to
Should l meet him l'd teii him etc. (Cu sensul de nesiguranta - daca l-as nt lni cumva; altfel if nu se
poate omite pentru ca nu avem n secundara conditionala un anomalous finite - verb auxiliar sau
modal-defecliv. Past Perfect dupa / shouid teii him ntruc t contine o forma de trecut).

If you hadsought him, you would havefound him sau Hadyousought him etc. (Omiterea lui
if e posibila pentru ca se ndeplinesc conditiile mentionate la 16 si 18).

You would / could have listened to good music if you h d come to my place yesterday sau
H d you come to my place yesterday you would / could have listened to good music.

Hardly / Scarcely h d l undressed when they called me back to the office sau No sonner h d
l undressed than they called me back to... etc.

Modelul pentru asemenea fraze introduse de adverbe restrictive este urmatorul:

Prima propozitie

Hardly/Scarcely + Past perfect (cu inversiune)

No sooner + past perfect

(cu inversiune)

A doua propozitie

when + past tense

than + past tense

No sonner h d she finished cooking than her husband came in / home sau Hardly / Scarcely
h d she finished cooking when her husband entered the house etc.

Scarcely h d he gone to bed when he remembered he h d not done his English homework
/ lessons / exercises in English (sau: No sooner.... than....).

Hardly h d we sat down when two people caused us to leave those seats / to stand up from
thoseseats (idem).

She told me yesterday she would be twenty today sau Yesterday she told me that today she
would be twenty (years old).

The teacher said that on Friday it h d been / it was a hundred years since the writer's death.

When shouid / must l return your book? sau When do you want me to give you back your
book?

The sooner the better.

Who else is coming / will come Io your birthday party?

Ion and his eldest brother, who is very funny (Nu se poate folosi pronumele relativ that pentru
ca propozitia atributiva este descriptiva

The more we are, the better time we shail have / the better we snall amuse ourselves.

The farther / The more we advanced / we were advancing in the forest, the more afraid
became / were sau As we advanced into the forest we were increasingly / ever more frightened.

Today (too) l am as thirsty as (l was) yesderday.

So am l (C nd se compara cele doua subiecte se foloseste modelul: So + verb auxiliar, mod!
sau copula + subiect; de ex.:

l could go there tomorrow." So could l."

We have read the novei." So have l."

l was there yesterday." So was Henry.")

l very much like James Joyce sau (mai putin subliniat) l like James Joyce very much (Nu se
desparte complementul direct de verb).

So do l.

Yesterday l h d a very good time at Snagov sau l enjoyed myself wonderfully at Snagov yesterday.

Whom / (familiar) Who were you with?

There was Mircea and his f riends (Verbul se acorda - prin atractie - numai cu primul subiect).

How far is Snagov from Bucharest? (La ce distanta e S. de B.?).

It is about forty km to Snagov (vezi 54).

Hasyour sister-in-law come from Cluj? (Daca vom preciza momentul vom spune : Didyour
_sister-in-law come from Cluj yesterday? - forma mai putin probabila

Yes, she came yesterday and stayed with me from three to seven (Between se pune numai
daca momentul nu e precizat si daca nu e vorba de durata

s Pete with you / at your place?

Yes, he has been (here) with me since two o'clook (Presentperfect arata durata; n mod normal
_am fi pus present perfect continuous, dar to be se numara printre verbele care n mod obisnuit nu
folosesc aspectul continuu progresiv).

No, he came to me at about two o'clook, but he left in / after a few minutes.

He said he would return by seven o'clook at the lalest.

He took his hat off (his head) and put it on the table ( n engleza e indispensabila folosirea
adjectivelor posesive pentru partile corpului, articole de mbracaminte, obiecte personale si rude.
Varianta mai scurta: He took off his hat...).

s the (over)coat on the bed yours?

Take it (from here) to the next room.

Take the flowers off / from the table (Off arata simpla desprindere, from arata deplasarea,
mutarea).

He took the key out of his pocket and placed / put it into the lock (Out of arata extragerea si
into e folosit neaparat c nd e vorba de patrundere, de introducere).

Put the light out / switch off the light (mai modem) in the bedroom ( ntruc t e vorba de stare
pe loc nu se poate pune dec t prepozitia in; from e gresit ntruc t arata deplasarea).

This morning it was four degrees below zero (Pentru a ne referi la starea vremii, la fenomene
meteorologice sau naturale, la timp - ore etc. - sau la scurgerea timpului, precum si la distante si la
starea lucrurilor n general, nu putem folosi dec t subiectul impersonal It, niciodata constructia there
is / there are, care arata existenta).

At about ten o'clook it was two degrees above zero (vezi 54).

It is ten kilometres from his farm to the nearest (railway) station (Neaparat nearest pentru a
arata apropierea, next folosindu-se pentru a arata succesiunea- de plidaîntre diferite statii de-a lungul
caii ferate; vezi si 41, 54, 57).

How many minutes are (still to go) to the next station? (Next indica elementul urmator ntr-o
succesiune - n timp si eventual n spatiu). Propozitia mai poate avea urmatoarele traduceri: How
ng is it till / to the next station? How many minutes have we (still) got...

It is getting late (forma obisnuita). It is a quarterto eight // it is a quarter past eight // it is half
Past eight (Formele Itis eight fifteen etc. sunt familiare, americane sau folosite de personalul feroviar,
aerian etc.).

The meeting began at a quarter to eleven on the morning of the twelfth of November 1980
pac avem mai multe complemente circumstantiale de timp, ele se aranjeaza ntr-un crescendo: se
'ncepe cu cel mai precis, cu perioada mai scurta; desi n mod normal se spune in the morning, in the
sfternoon, in the evening, totusi se foloseste prepozitia on c nd partea respectiva a zilei se combina
^cu data: on the evening oflast Monday etc.).

l was in a great hurry / l was very pressed for time (on) that morning (Prepozitia on este
facultativa naintea cuvintelor that, /ast, next si naintea numelor zilelor: (on) Sunday, etc. (vezi si 59),

The University of / in lasi is older than that of / in Cluj (Static - pentru stare pe loc - se folosesc
Prepozitiile in, of si at pentru localitatile mici; from e interzis - vezi 53; se mai poate spune Jassy

him in

known (that) he wouldn't come by that train l shouldn't have waited for

.hree hours yesterday ( Ca nu vine" se reda prin Mure in the past pentru

ca ae fapt e un viitor raportat la trecut, indiferent de forma rom neasca - vezi 65; n cazul n care avem mai multe complemente circumstantiale, ele se asaza dupa complementul prepozitional (for him) n ordinea alfabetica a cuvintelor englezesti Manner, Place, Time (MPT); pentru cazul c nd sunt mai multe complemente circumstantiale de timp precis, vezi 59; retineti de asemenea ca omiterea lui If este posibila numai daca se pune secundara conditionala naintea principalei).

76. If you strove harder, your farm would thrive / prosper ( n mod normal, omiterea lui // prin inversiune este astazi imposibila pentru ca nu avem un verb auxiliar sau modal defectiv n secundara conditionala

77. If he h d hit / H d he nit the nail on the head, he wouldn't have hurt his finger (Omiterea lui if este posibila pentru ca secundara conditionala precede principala si pentru ca ea contine un verb auxiliar sau modal-defectiv; vezi 65, 76; constructiile rom nesti a se lovi la picior etc.", a se spala pe m ini, etc." se redau n engleza prin verbe tranzitive + substantiv precedat de adjectiv posesiv -vezi si 48: s-a spalat pe picioare" - he (has) washed his feet").

78. Idon'tknowwhenshewasborn, butlrememberthatin 1944 she was stil) borne in hermother's arms (Verbul to bear are doua forme de participiu trecut: born numai n sensul de a se naste" si numai la diateza pasiva, iar borne n toate celelalte sensuri si situatii; de ex. n propozitia Mother h d

borne two children before l was born"'m primul caz folosim participiul trecut cu e ntruc t nu e diateza pasiva

If l h d known / H d l known when you were born (nu e nevoie sa se puna la past perfect) l
should / would (mai rar n fraze conditionale) have brought you flowers on your birthday.

l didn't catch exactly /1 didn't quite get what he meant (se poate separa complementul direct
ntruc t e exprimat printr-o propozitie completiva) but l think he referred / was referring to the symbol
lying / which (ies at the centre of the book (Se poate folosi prezentul ntruc t propozitia este relativa
atributiva si deci ofera libertatea logicii, fara ngradirile corespondentei timpurilor).

81. l should never have dared to ask him such a favour, if l hadn't been convinced that he was aware / conscious of the importance (which) the lefter h d, not only for him but also for his =;=*"-' but for his sister too (Aici verbul dare este folosit ca verb normai r*< t"--¹-

g - utilizare paralela cu cea no w^ -  

b indica repetitia, de ex. whenever, mijloacele specifice de indicare a repetitiei sunt: would go sau led to go (pronuntat numai ['justa 'gou]) pentru trecut; prezentul nedefinit pentru prezent; viitorul cu r// (pronuntat n ntregime) pentru viitor).

Large flocks / flights of white birds were flying over the sea (above ar arata o linie verticala loals of silver fish (fishes ar specifica diferite specii) were floating / swimming close to the ship,
hile / and the wind was blowing gently, swelling the sails of the yacht in the distance / on the horizon
'entru a specifica determinarea cauzala se poate spune: causing the salls of the yacht in the distance

swell - constructie mult mai greoaie).

AII three of them h d left on horseback / The three of them h d gone away / off riding; they
ijd they wanted to see the forest, the estate, the pond.

More than once nave l opened / did l open this book (prezenta complementului circumstantial
nceputul propozitiei l scoate n relief si necesita inversiunea gramaticala) seeking an answer to
3 problem agitating me / which worried me, and more than once the verse (verse are un nteles
Jectiv si pluralul nu se foloseste dec t rareori) nave allayed / did allay my sorrow/ grief (Constructiile
n nesti cu dativul se redau adeseori prin constructii cu adjectivul posesiv: mi-am facut pantofii
l have polished my shoes").

She was resolved / decided never to marry such a m n (to marry si to divorce sunt tranzitive
angleza) even at the risk of becoming the laughing-stock of the children in the neighbourhood /
itrict, who said / who used to say (tnat) she was a crazy spinster / old maid.

There is hardly a film in town but he has seen (But este aici pronume relativ cu nteles negativ:
e) care sa nu", n propozitia There is hardly a m n but knows him, sensul este Nu mai e nici un
i care sa nu-l cunoasca", sensul negativ fiind dat si de cuv ntul hardly).

l don't remember whether / if we have met before (Whether se prefera lui if n propozitiile
Mective, predicative, completive etc. dar nu-l poate nlocui pe if n propozitiile conditionale,
njunctiile conditionale sunt: if, supposing (that), on condition (that) etc. si - numai negativ -unless;
unoaste pe cineva - n sensul de a face cunostinta cu - se spune to meet).

Whatever he says /no matter what he says / he will say, l will (nevertheless) go to the mountains.

If l hadn't forgotten / h d l not forgotten what his name was (pasttense arata concomitenta,iar
inea cuvintelor este cea din propozitiile declarative) l should have addressed him /1 should have
Iressed myself to him.

35. He asked me if l knew when Stravinski was born / (mai rar) h d been born (ordinea cuvintelor tru propozitiile declarative).

J6. Does anyone remember when Jerome K. Jerome died? (A doua propozitie este completiva cta si deci foloseste topica propozitiilor declarative; semnul de ntrebare se refera doar la nozitia principala

H d you read / if you h d read the book you would certainly / naturally have remembered this
acter.

If you h d reminded me in (due) time, l should have gone there already / as early as yesterday
bul to remind se foloseste astfel: to remindsomebody to do something sau of (doing) something).

Although he looks so young, you must knowthat he was ninety (years old) yesterday (filthough
refera lui though la nceputul frazei).

He spoke as if / as though / he were / h d been English / an Englishman ( n propozitiile
parative-concesive introduse de as;/ sau as though se foloseste subjonctivul pentru a arata ca
nea este ireala; pentru nationalitate se folosesc mai frecvent ca nume predicative adjectivele
it substantivele).

He reads as if / as though he saw the text for the first time.

He looks at me as if / as though he didn't (subjonctivul) even know me (vezi 100).

Nothing wrong will happen (to you) if you are attentive (conditionala reala cu referire la viitor,
modul indicativ).

It is four days since l saw him last / since l last saw him ( n engleza nu se poate folosi ^
punct de referinta / plecare negativ; pentru exprimarea scurgerii timpului se foloseste pronumele
jrnpersonal It urmat de verbul la singular - vezi si 41, 54).

Next week it will be fifty years since Sandu's birth (vezi 41, 54, 104).

Ishould have likedthe novei very much/ (mai accentuat): Ishould very much have likedthi
_novel if there hadn't been so many unknown words on each page.

Here comes the doctor sau There / Here is the doctor (coming) (/-/ere si there sunt folosite
ca subiecte introductive de anuntare cu valoare aproape exclamativa

It was a great surprise for me (subiectul introductiv it anticipeaza subiectul real care se pog_t,
exprima prin infinitiv, constructie infinitival , constructie gerundiala sau propozitie subiectiva - dar i^,
si substantiv - vezi 118) to find him at home so early / at such an early hour.

There seems to be no better answer to / for this question (Constructia there is / there are _Sc
poate folosi si cu verbele to seem, to appear; varianta: it seems there is no better answer to / for %'
question).

It is a week since l last saw him (vezi si 41, 54, 104).

111.The introduction is proposed / suggested of new teaching methods in higher educati^ establishments (Daca subiectul este nsotit de atributive lungi, acestea pot fi plasate dupa predicg. varianta: It is suggested / foreseen to introduce new methods of teaching in higher educatio^ establishments).

If all knowledge acquired in the last fortnight h d not been applied / If one h d failed to ap^
all the knowledge etc., one could not have solved all problems / not all problems could have be_e;
solved.

It is said that he is one of the best students in this higher educational establishment (s_a,
constructia cu nominativ plus infinitiv - complex subject: He is said to be one of the best sfi/deT
etc. - subiectul este he + to be etc.).

H d l not been / If l h d not been so hungry and h d l not been/f l h d not been droppiiw¹
dead with sleep, l should have talked / chatted with him for another two hours (Another se poate fou
si naintea numeralelor si substantivelor plurale, av nd aceeasi valoare ca si adverbele rom ned
mai" sau nca"; s-ar putea pune would n loc de should pentru a arata vointa, dar acest lucru eJf
neobisnuit daca exista o secundara conditionala; l shouldgo corespunde mai degraba conditionalei
din rom neste iar / would go optativului = / should like to go).

Wait for me (for) five minutes, for l have a French class / hour ( n aceasta fraza glumeai
cuv ntul polifunctional for este folosit cu trei functii: for me - pentru ca urmeaza verbul intranzitiv :
wa/f care are obligatoriu complement prepozitional cu aceasta prepozitie; for five minutes - pr
temporala arat nd durata, se poate omite n multe cazuri, de ex.: (for) three weeks - atunci
arata intentia; for l have... este conjunctie cauzala, adeseori nlocuita cu because / as / since,
care cea mai putin ambigua este because. Din cauza aceastei ambiguitati, for nu se prea folos_eJ
pentru scop, ntruc t s-ar putea confunda cu sensul cauzal).

If l h d not been afraid that it would rain, l should have left earlier (vezi comentariile anterw
referitoare la conditionale).

Why don't you put on your new shoes?

It seems remarkable to me that he has managed to cover/that he has succeeded in co^J
the whole material within barely / only three weeks (Cuv ntul rom nesc faptul se omite, ntruc t a J
subiectul introductiv anticipativ it, subiectul real se poate exprima numai printr-o propozitie subie^
sau prin constructiile mentionate la 108, niciodata printr-un substantiv: It seems important the %
ar fi gresit ntruc t am avea n aceeasi propozitie si substantivul si pronumele care l nlociW
constructie numita double subject, n mod obisnuit interzisa

Hardly any shops have/any shop has been built in my district (Hardly c<W
elementul negativ si se poate nlocui cu practically no shop etc.; propozitia englezeal/
poate ncepe cu complementul circumstantial de loc - adverbial modifier of place - n

tru a sublinia contrastul - cu alte cartiere etc.).

120. Hardly any volume of Sadoveanu's works is to be found / is available (vezi 119).

What would you do if l were not here to help you? (Conditie nereala dar posibila; vezi setul X).

l shouldn't invite you if you didn't accept my invitation (idem).

l shouId accept it if you sent it to me.

He would be delighted if he couid serve you (idem).

Would you go to Paris if he sent you? (Idem; mai ipotetic/improbabil: ifhe shouIdsendyou?)

If l went there, l shouId bring you a book (Idem - mai putin probabil / mai ipotetic: shouId /
here / if l shouId go there / if l were to go there).

l shouId bring you the book which you would like to read (Nu e o fraza conditionala, este
r o promisiune facuta la modul conditional, fiind corelata cu conditia exprimata n fraza nr. 126).

What shouId we read if we h d no book? (Aici se pot folosi si alte conjunctii: Suppose /
posing (that) we h d no book, what shouId we read?)

If l h d many books / ShouId l have many books, you couid borrow some (din nou conditie
a dar posibila

If you couid read it within / in a few days, l shouId lend it to you (idem).

If l h d h d / H d l h d no dictionary, l shouId have addressed you.

j

You couid have addressed me if you h d wanted / if you h d felt like it (idem).

l couid have written (to) you if you h d left / given me your address (Ca si la nr. 122 if si
te omite numai daca secundara conditionala precede principala: H d you left me...).

34.You couid have addressed him if you h d known where to find him (idem).

He would have lent me many books if l h d addressed him (idem).

What shouId / couid we have done if you h d not been there?

If you h d not / H d you not found me at home, you would have gone to my brother.

Couid we have bougrit the house but for your help / assistance / if we h d not enjoyed your
stance / help?

H d you been in need of my assistance / If you h d needed my assistance, l shouId have
ed myself at your service.

l know you would have placed yourself at my service if l h d addressed you. l

>J.B. ntrebarile disjunctive sunt logic posibile numai dupa frazele 122,124, din primul grup si dupa 3le 132, 135, 137, 140 din grupul al doilea - fireste fiind corelate cu propozitia principala

CHEIA SET II

n majoritatea frazelor si propozitiilor din primul grup (1-31) se urmareste nsusirea folosirii ^rnd-ului. Uneori ele reprezinta singura posibilitate de redare, alteori merg n paralel cu alte solutii.

Partea nt i

. There is no use in your insisting further / any longer sau It's no use insisting further ( n prima nta subiectul real este use precedat de subiectul introductiv there si urmat de complementul ozitional exprimat prin in + gerund; insisting este gerund ntruc t are dubla determinare, adica lanifesta ca un hibrid ntre substantiv si verb; este precedat de prepozitie si de adjectiv posesiv ubstantivele obisnuite si este urmat de un adverb de mod - further sau any longer sau any more si verbele; n a doua varianta subiectul real este gerund-ul insisting - acelasi rationament -

precedat de subiectul introductiv anticipativ Itis care aduce o oarecare subliniere a numelui predicativ exprimat prin substantivul use, precedat de adjectivul nehotar t no; numele predicativ ar fi putut sa fie exprimat si prin adjectivele useless sau fruitless sau prin locutiunea adverbiala in va/n, dar n acest caz subiectul real s-ar fi exprimat printr-un infinitiv: it is useless l fru/f/ess / in va/n to insist further / _any more / any longer).

What was the use of my trying again, when l was (absolutely) certain that l should not succeed
/ rnanage? (Trying este gerund pentru motivele de la 1.; se aplica corespondenta timpurilor n ultima
subordonata - completiva directa - folosindu-se future in the past cu should', folosirea iui would ar
f i gresita ntruc t ar indica vointa, cu totul nepotrivita n context). Varianta: What use / good was there
in (my) tying again when (sau because l s/nce, deoarece ideea este cauzala) / h d the certainty of
failing (constructie mai putin uzuala). Variante mai sintetice, rezult nd din interpretare, ar fi: Why
should l try again (sau chiar: Why try again) when...

l have spoken to her, but there is no convincing her / there is no way to convince her (Present
perfect aral interesul pentru actiunea n sine si rezultatele ei; punem pasf fense daca momentul
conversatiei s-a mentionat anterior; pentru folosirea gerund-ului ca subiect, vezi 1, 2 si 4).

There is no denying (gerund-ul ca subiect real, precedat de subiectul introductiv there) that she
has many qualities; but she completely lacks modesty / but she is entirely / completely lacking in
modesty. Alta varianta: There is no denying her many qualities - tot cu gerund urmat de complement
direct; de asemenea formula cu pronume impersonal; One cannot deny her having many qualities
n care gerund-ul apare n calitate de complement direct - precedat de adjectiv posesiv si urmat de
un alt complement direct exprimat prin substantiv.

What do you think of her writing to me? (Pentru accentuarea anterioritatii n timp a celei de a
doua actiuni, se poate folosi perfect gerund: What do you think of her having written tome?) l shouldn't
have expected it in the least (De asemenea se poate folosi un cuv nt cu sens negativ, pierz ndu-se
nuanta de c tusi de putin": l hardly expected it, ifatall.).

(My) mother can't bear my lying to her (Gerund-ul precedat de adjectiv posesiv joaca rol de
complement complex; n vorbirea familiara se poate folosi si acuzativul cu gerund n aceasta calitate:
She can't stand me lying to her- mai putin recomandabil).

s anybody against (our) inviting him too? ( n aceasta ntrebare somebody ar fi nepotrivit, n
afara de cazul c nd am dori sau solicita o mpotrivire).

We h d grown / become / got tired of his airs, so that we decided Io teach him a lesson (De
asemenea dupa decide putem folosi gerund m calitate de complement direct: we decided teaching
him a lesson).

Who would have thought him capable of such baseness / of such a base / dirty trick? (Se poate
introduce gerund-ul: of committing / doing such a base trick).

Have you managed to find him? (Daca folosim verbul to succed, folosim prepozitia in -
obligatorie dupa acest verb - urmata de gerund: have you succeeded in finding him?)

Partea a doua

Who isto blameforthe guests notfeeling (gerund precedat de complementul prepozitional)
at ease / comfortable? (Se poate spune: who is / was guilty if the guests d/d not fee/ we//?
accentu ndu-se ideea de vinovatie).