ATESTAT LIMBA ENGLEZA
Table contents
ARGUMENT....................4
SAINT PATRICKS` DAY..............5
CELEBRATIONS..................5
RECENT HISTORY................6
SHAMROCK...................7
WHO WAS SAINT PATRICK?...........11
TAKEN PRISONER BY IRISH RAIDERS.......11
GUIDED BY VISIONS...............12
BONFIRES AND CROSSES............12
PATRICK IN HIS OWN WORLD.........13
DATING PATRICK`S LIFE AND
THE FIRST PARADE.................16
NO IRISH NEED APPLY..............16
WEARING OF THE GREEN GOES GLOBAL....17
THE PARADE.................17
THE
THE SHAMROCK................18
THE LEPRECHAUN...............19
THE SNAKE....................19
IRISH MUSIC..................19
ST. PATRICK`S DAY RECIPES...........21
IRISH SODA BREAD WITH RAISINS........21
IRISH BROWN BREAD.............22
CORNED BEEF AND CABBAGE...........23
CHAMP......................24
BEEF AND GUINESSE PIE............25
IRISH CREAM CHOCOLATE..........26
MOUSSE.....................27
CAKE.......................27
SYRUP.....................28
CHOCOLATE BANDS...............28
CHOCOLATE CURLS........,......28
CONCLUSION.................29
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................30
ARGUMENT
1. SAINT PATRICKS` DAY
Saint Patrick's Day (Irish: Lá 'le Pádraig or Lá Fhéile Pádraig), colloquially St. Paddy's Day or Paddy's Day, is an annual feast day which celebrates Saint Patrick (circa 385-461), one of the patron saints of Ireland. It takes place on 17 March, the date on which Patrick is held to have died.
The day is the national
holiday of the Irish people. It is a bank holiday in
It became a feast day in the
Roman Catholic Church due to the influence of the Waterford-born Franciscan
scholar Luke Wadding in the early part of the 17th century, and is a holy day
of obligation for Roman Catholics in
1.2 Celebration
Saint Patrick's Day is
celebrated worldwide by Irish people and increasingly by many of non-Irish
descent (usually in
It was also on St. Patrick's
Day that
The St. Patrick's Day parade
in
Other large parades include
those in Savannah, Georgia , New London, Wisconsin (which changes its name to
New Dublin the week of St. Patrick's Day), Dallas, Cleveland, Manchester,
Birmingham, London, Coatbridge, Montreal (the longest continually running St.
Patrick's Day parade, celebrating its 183rd consecutive parade in 2007),
Jackson, Mississippi, Boston, Houston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Kansas City,
Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Pittsburgh, Denver, St. Paul, Sacramento, San
Francisco, Scranton, Seattle, Butte, Detroit, Toronto, Vancouver, Syracuse,
Newport, Holyoke and throughout much of the Western world. The parade held in
As well as being a celebration
of Irish culture, Saint Patrick's Day is a Christian festival celebrated in the
Catholic Church, the
In many parts of North America, Britain, and Australia expatriate Irish, those of Irish descent, and ever-growing crowds of people with no Irish connections but who may proclaim themselves "Irish for a day" also celebrate St. Patrick's Day, usually by drinking larger amounts of alcoholic beverages (lager dyed green, Irish beer and stout, such as Murphys, Beamish, Smithwicks, Harp or Guinness, or Irish whiskey, Irish cider, Irish coffee, or Baileys Irish Cream) than they normally would, and by wearing green-coloured clothing. The eating of Irish soda bread (which is sold in supermarkets for the occasion, but not sold during the rest of the year except in specialty stores) is also common. Some recent American twists on the holiday, reflecting its growing popularity among the non-Irish, are the making and selling of green bagels and popcorn on and near the day.
2007 marked the first annual
St. Patrick's Day parade and festival in the Scottish city of
1.3 Recent history
In the recent past, Saint
Patrick's Day was celebrated only as a religious holiday. It became a public
holiday in 1903, by the Bank Holiday (
Sign on a beam in the Guinness Storehouse.
It was only in the mid-1990s
that the Irish government began a campaign to use Saint Patrick's Day to
showcase
-Offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest
celebrations in the world and
promote excitement throughout
via innovation, creativity, grassroots involvement, and marketing activity.
-Provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent, (and
those who sometimes wish they were Irish) to attend and join in the
imaginative and expressive celebrations.
-Project, internationally, an accurate
image of
professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal, as we approach the
new millennium.
The first Saint Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March, 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. By 2006, the festival was five days long. The topic of the 2004 St. Patrick's Symposium was "Talking Irish," during which the nature of Irish identity, economic success, and the future were discussed. Since 1996, there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of "Irishness" rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance. The week around Saint Patrick's Day usually involves Irish speakers using more Irish during seachtain na Gaeilge ("Irish Week").
1.4 Shamrock ("three-leaf-clover")
Many Irish people still wear a bunch of shamrocks on their lapels or caps on this day or green, white, and orange badges (after the colours of the Irish flag). Girls and boys wear green in their hair. Artists draw shamrock designs on people's cheeks as a cultural sign, including American tourists.
Although Saint Patrick's Day has the colour green as its theme, one little known fact is that blue was once the colour associated with this day.
The biggest celebrations on
the
The day is celebrated by the
Since the 1990s, Irish Taoisigh have sometimes attended special functions either
on Saint Patrick's Day or a day or two earlier, in the White House, where they
present shamrock to the President of the United States. A similar presentation
is made to the Speaker of the House. Originally only representatives of the
Republic of Ireland attended, but since the mid-1990s all major Political
parties in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland are invited, with the
attendance including the representatives of the Irish government, the Ulster
Unionist Party, the Social Democratic and Labour Party, Sinn Féin and others. No Northern Irish parties
were invited for these functions in 2005. In recent years, it is common for the
entire Irish government to be abroad representing the country in various parts
of the world. In 2003, the President of Ireland celebrated the holiday in
Sydney, the Taoiseach was in
Saint Patrick's Day parades in
Christian leaders in
2. Who Was Saint Patrick?
St. Patrick, the patron saint
of
Many of the
stories traditionally associated with St. Patrick, including the famous account
of his banishing all the snakes from
Somewhat of a
mystery. Many of the stories traditionally associated with St. Patrick,
including the famous account of his banishing all the snakes from
2.2 Taken Prisoner by Irish Raiders
It is known that
St. Patrick was born in
2.3Guided by Visions
After more than
six years as a prisoner, Patrick escaped. According to his writing, a voice-which
he believed to be God's-spoke to him in a dream, telling him it was time to
leave
To do so, Patrick
walked nearly 200 miles from
2.4 Bonfires and Crosses
Familiar with the Irish language and culture, Patrick chose to incorporate traditional ritual into his lessons of Christianity instead of attempting to eradicate native Irish beliefs. For instance, he used bonfires to celebrate Easter since the Irish were used to honoring their gods with fire. He also superimposed a sun, a powerful Irish symbol, onto the Christian cross to create what is now called a Celtic cross, so that veneration of the symbol would seem more natural to the Irish. (Although there were a small number of Christians on the island when Patrick arrived, most Irish practiced a nature-based pagan religion. The Irish culture centered around a rich tradition of oral legend and myth. When this is considered, it is no surprise that the story of Patrick's life became exaggerated over the centuries-spinning exciting tales to remember history has always been a part of the Irish way of life.)
2.5 Patrick in His Own Words
Slemish,
Two Latin letters survive which are generally accepted to have been written by Patrick. These are the Declaration (Latin: Confessio) and the Letter to the soldiers of Coroticus (Latin: Epistola). The Declaration is the more important of the two. In it Patrick gives a short account of his life and his mission.
Patrick was born at Banna
Venta Berniae, Calpornius his father was a deacon, his grandfather Potitus a
priest. When he was about sixteen, he was captured and carried off as a slave
to
I saw a men coming, as it were
from
Much of the Declaration concerns charges made
against Patrick by his fellow Christians at a trial. What these charges were,
he does not say explicitly, but he writes that he returned the gifts which
wealthy women gave him, did not accept payment for baptisms, nor for ordaining
priests, and indeed paid for many gifts to kings and judges, and paid for the
sons of chiefs to accompany him. It is concluded, therefore, that he was
accused of some sort of financial impropriety, and perhaps of having obtained
his bishopric in
From this same evidence, something can be seen of Patrick's mission. He writes that he "baptised thousands of people". He ordained priests to lead the new Christian communities. He converted wealthy women, some of whom became nuns in the face of family opposition. He also dealt with the sons of kings, converting them too.
Patrick's position as a
foreigner in
Murchiú's life of Saint Patrick contains a supposed prophecy by the druids which gives an impression of how Patrick and other Christian missionaries were seen by those hostile to them:
Across the sea will come Adze-head, crazed in the head, his cloak with hole
for the head, his stick bent in the head.
He will chant
impieties from a table in the front of his house; all his people
will answer: "so be it, so be it."
The second piece of evidence
from Patrick's life is the Letter to
Coroticus or Letter to the
Soldiers of Coroticus. In this, Patrick writes an open letter announcing
that he has excommunicated certain British soldiers of Coroticus who have
raided in
2.6 Dating Patrick`s Life and Mission
According to the latest reconstruction of the old Irish annals, Patrick died in AD 493, a date accepted by some modern historians. Prior to the 1940s it was believed without doubt that he died in 461 and thus had lived in the first half of the 5th century. A lecture entitled "The Two Patricks", published in 1942 by T. F. O'Rahilly, caused enormous controversy by proposing that there had been two "Patricks", Palladius and Patrick, and that what we now know of St. Patrick was in fact in part a conscious effort to meld the two into one hagiographic personality. Decades of contention eventually ended with most historians now asserting that Patrick was indeed most likely to have been active in the mid-to-late 5th century.
While Patrick's own writings contain no dates, they do contain information which can be used to date them. Patrick's quotations from the Acts of the Apostles follow the Vulgate, strongly suggesting that his ecclesiastical conversion did not take place before the early fifth century. Patrick also refers to the Franks as being pagan. Their conversion is dated to the period 496-508.
The compiler of the Annals of Ulster stated that in the year 553:
I have found this in the Book
of Cuanu: The relics of Patrick were placed sixty years after his death in a
shrine by Colum Cille. Three splendid halidoms were found in
the burial-place: his goblet, the Angel's Gospel, and the
The reputed burial place of St. Patrick in Downpatrick.
The placing of this event in the year 553 would certainly seem to place Patrick's death in 493, or at least in the early years of that decade, and indeed the Annals of Ulster report in 493:
Patrick arch-apostle, or archbishop an apostle of the Irish, rested on the 16th of
the Kalends of April in the 120th year of his age, in the 60th year after he had
come to
There is also the additional evidence of his disciple, Mochta, who died in 535.
St. Patrick is said to be
buried under Down Cathedral in Downpatrick,
2.7 The First Parade
On St. Patrick's Day, which falls during the Christian season of Lent, Irish families would traditionally attend church in the morning and celebrate in the afternoon. Lenten prohibitions against the consumption of meat were waived and people would dance, drink, and feast-on the traditional meal of Irish bacon and cabbage.
The
Over the next thirty-five years, Irish patriotism among American immigrants flourished, prompting the rise of so-called "Irish Aid" societies, like the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick and the Hibernian Society. Each group would hold annual parades featuring bagpipes (which actually first became popular in the Scottish and British armies) and drums.
2.8 No Irish Need Apply
Up until the
mid-nineteenth century, most Irish immigrants in
However, the
Irish soon began to realize that their great numbers endowed them with a
political power that had yet to be exploited. They started to organize, and their
voting block, known as the "green machine," became an important swing
vote for political hopefuls. Suddenly, annual St. Patrick's Day parades became
a show of strength for Irish Americans, as well as a must-attend event for a
slew of political candidates. In 1948, President Truman attended
2.9 Wearing of the Green Goes Global
Today, St.
Patrick's Day is celebrated by people of all backgrounds in the
In modern-day
Beginning
in 1995, however, the Irish government began a national campaign to use St.
Patrick's Day as an opportunity to drive tourism and showcase
2.10The Parade
In 1848, several
New York Irish aid societies decided to unite their parades to form
Each year, nearly three million people line the
one-and-a-half mile parade route to watch the procession, which takes more than
five hours.
Chicago is also famous
for a somewhat peculiar annual event: dyeing the
Today,
in order to minimize environmental damage, only forty pounds of dye are used,
making the river green for only several hours. Although
They point out that 1961, Savannah mayor Tom Woolley had plans for a green river, but due to rough water on March 17, the experiment didn't work and Savannah never attempted to dye.
In fact the first written mention of this story did not appear until nearly a thousand years after Patrick's death.
The
shamrock, which was also called the "seamroy" by the Celts, was a
sacred plant in ancient
The original Irish name for these figures of folklore is "lobaircin," meaning "small-bodied fellow."
Belief in leprechauns probably stems from Celtic belief in fairies, tiny men and women who could use their magical powers to serve good or evil. In Celtic folktales, leprechauns were cranky souls, responsible for mending the shoes of the other fairies. Though only minor figures in Celtic folklore, leprechauns were known for their trickery, which they often used to protect their much-fabled treasure.
Leprechauns
had nothing to do with St. Patrick or the celebration of St. Patrick's Day, a
Catholic holy day. In 1959, Walt Disney released a film called Darby O'Gill
& the Little People, which introduced
It has long been
recounted that, during his mission in
In
fact, the island nation was never home to any snakes. The "banishing of
the snakes" was really a metaphor for the eradication of pagan ideology
from
Irish Music
Music is often associated with St. Patrick's Day-and Irish culture in general. From ancient days of the Celts, music has always been an important part of Irish life. The Celts had an oral culture, where religion, legend, and history were passed from one generation to the next by way of stories and songs.
After being conquered by the English, and forbidden to speak their own language, the Irish, like other oppressed peoples, turned to music to help them remember important events and hold on to their heritage and history. As it often stirred emotion and helped to galvanize people, music was outlawed by the English. During her reign, Queen Elizabeth I even decreed that all artists and pipers were to be arrested and hanged on the spot.
Today, traditional Irish bands like The Chieftains, the Clancy Brothers, and Tommy Makem are gaining worldwide popularity. Their music is produced with instruments that have been used for centuries, including the fiddle, the uilleann pipes (a sort of elaborate bagpipe), the tin whistle (a sort of flute that is actually made of nickel-silver, brass, or aluminum), and the bodhran (an ancient type of frame drum that was traditionally used in warfare rather than music).
Nonstick vegetable oil spray
2 cups all purpose flour
5 tablespoons sugar, divided
1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder
1 teaspoon salt
3/4 teaspoon baking soda
3 tablespoons butter, chilled, cut into cubes
1 cup buttermilk
2/3 cup raisins
Preheat oven to 375°F. Spray 8-inch-diameter cake pan with nonstick spray.
Whisk flour, 4 tablespoons sugar, baking powder, salt, and baking soda in large
bowl to blend. Add butter.
Using fingertips, rub in until coarse meal forms. Make well in center of
flour mixture. Add buttermilk. Gradually stir dry ingredients into milk to
blend. Mix in raisins.
Using floured hands, shape dough into ball. Transfer to prepared pan and
flatten slightly (dough will not come to edges of pan). Sprinkle dough with
remaining 1 tablespoon sugar.
Bake bread until brown and tester inserted into center comes out clean, about
40 minutes. Cool bread in pan 10 minutes. Transfer to rack. Serve warm or at
room temperature.
2 cups whole-wheat flour
2 cups all-purpose flour plus additional for kneading
1/2 cup toasted wheat germ
2 teaspoons salt
2 teaspoons sugar
1 teaspoon baking soda
1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar
1 stick (1/2 cup) cold unsalted butter, cut into 1/2-inch cubes
2 cups well-shaken buttermilk
Put oven rack in middle position and preheat oven to 400°F. Butter a 9- by
2-inch round cake pan.
Whisk together flours, wheat germ, salt, sugar, baking soda, and cream of
tartar in a large bowl until combined well. Blend in butter with a pastry
blender or your fingertips until mixture resembles coarse meal. Make a well in
center and add buttermilk, stirring until a dough forms. Gently knead on a
floured surface, adding just enough more flour to keep dough from sticking,
until smooth, about 3 minutes.
Transfer dough to cake pan and flatten to fill pan. With a sharp knife, cut an
X (1/2 inch deep) across top of dough (5 inches long). Bake until loaf is
lightly browned and sounds hollow when bottom is tapped, 30 to 40 minutes. Cool
in pan on a rack 10 minutes, then turn out onto rack and cool, right side up,
about 1 hour.
Cooks' notes:
" Bread can be served the day it is made, but it slices more easily if
kept, wrapped in plastic wrap, at room temperature 1 day.
" Leftover bread keeps, wrapped in plastic wrap, at room temperature 4
days.
3.5 CHAMP
3.7 IRISH CREAM CHOCOLATE MOUSSE CAKE
This rich chocolate mousse cake was created by Geri Gilliland, the Belfast-born
chef-owner of Gilliland's, a cafe with an Irish accent in
3.8 Mousse
4 large eggs
1/3 cup sugar
12 ounces semisweet chocolate, chopped
1 1/2 cups chilled whipping cream
1/4 cup Irish cream liqueur
Whisk eggs and sugar in large metal bowl. Set bowl over saucepan of simmering
water (do not allow bottom of bowl to touch water) and whisk constantly until
candy thermometer registers 60°F, about 5 minutes.
Remove bowl from over water. Using electric mixer, beat egg mixture until cool
and very thick, about 10 minutes.
Place chocolate in top of another bowl over simmering water; stir until melted
and smooth. Remove bowl from over water. Cool to lukewarm.
Combine cream and Irish cream liqueur in medium bowl; beat to stiff peaks. Pour
lukewarm melted chocolate over egg mixture and fold together. Fold in cream
mixture. Cover and chill until set, at least 4 hours or overnight.
3.9 Cake 6 large eggs
3/4 cup plus 2 tablespoons sugar
2 tablespoons instant espresso powder or coffee powder
Pinch of salt
1 cup all purpose flour
Preheat oven to 350°F. Butter 9-inch-diameter spring form pan with 2
3/4-inch-high sides. Line bottom with parchment paper. Using electric mixer,
beat eggs, sugar, espresso powder and salt in large bowl until mixture thickens
and slowly dissolving ribbon forms when beaters are lifted, about 8 minutes.
Sift 1/3 of flour over and gently fold into egg mixture. Repeat 2 more times
(do not overmix or batter may
deflate).
Pour batter into prepared pan. Bake until tester inserted into center comes out
clean, about 35 minutes. Cool cake completely in pan on rack.
Run small sharp knife around pan sides to loosen cake. Release pan sides. Turn
out cake. Remove pan bottom. Peel off parchment. (Can be prepared 1 day ahead. Wrap
cake in plastic and chill.)
3.10 Syrup 2/3 cup sugar
5 tablespoons water
5 tablespoons Irish whiskey
Combine sugar and water in small saucepan. Stir over low heat until sugar
dissolves. Increase heat and bring to boil. Remove from heat. Mix in whiskey.
Cool. (Can be prepared 1 day ahead. Cover and let stand at room temperature.)
Assembly
Bands 2 14 1/2 x 3-inch waxed paper
strips
4 ounces semisweet chocolate, chopped
1 tablespoon plus 1 teaspoon solid vegetable shortening
Line large basket sheet with foil and set aside. Place another large sheet of
foil on work surface; top with waxed paper strips, spacing apart. Stir chopped
semisweet chocolate and vegetable shortening in heavy, small saucepan over low
heat until melted and smooth. Pour half of melted chocolate down center of each
waxed paper strip.
Using metal icing spatula, spread chocolate to cover strips evenly and
completely, allowing some chocolate to extend beyond edges of paper strips.
Using fingertips, lift strips and place on clean foil-lined baking sheet.
Refrigerate just until chocolate begins to set but is still very flexible,
about 2 minutes.
Remove chocolate bands from refrigerator. Using fingertips lift 1 band from
foil. With chocolate side next to cake, place band around side of cake; press
gently to adhere (band will be taller than cake). Repeat with second chocolate
band, pressing onto uncovered side of cake so that ends of chocolate bands just
meet (if ends overlap, use scissors to trim any excess paper and chocolate).
Refrigerate until chocolate sets, about 5 minutes. Gently peel off paper.
Refrigerate cake.
Chocolate Curls
12 1-ounce squares semisweet baking chocolate
Powdered sugar
Line baking sheet with foil. Unwrap 1 square of chocolate. Place chocolate on
its paper wrapper in microwave. Cook on High just until chocolate begins to
soften slightly, about 1 minute (time will vary depending on power of
microwave). Turn chocolate square onto 1 side and hold in hand. Working over
foil-lined sheet, pull vegetable peeler along sides of chocolate, allowing
chocolate curls to fall gently onto foil. Form as many curls as possible.
Repeat process with remaining chocolate squares. Place curls decoratively atop
cake, mounding slightly. (Can be prepared 1 day ahead. Refrigerate cake.) Sift
powdered sugar over chocolate curls before serving cake.
CONCLUSION
https://en.wikipedia.org
De Paor, Liam, Saint Patrick's World: The
Christian Culture of
Moran, Patrick Francis Cardinal (1913). "St.
Patrick". Catholic Encyclopedia.
Duffy, Se n (ed.), Atlas of
Irish History. Gill and Macmillan,
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