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English as a tool of international communication


ENGLISH AS A TOOL OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION       Although the statement ‘English is the world’s most important language’ may be taken as a truism, it answers some objective criteria of ‘importance’. R. Quirk (1972
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Old English Dialects


OLD ENGLISH     1. Old English Dialects: In the 6th century, the gradual change from clans to feudalism began and the English settled down into a number of small kingdoms. There were seven kingdoms at the end of the 6th century: Northumbr
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A history of the english language


A HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Chapter 1: Continuity and change  By origin, English is a Germanic language, like German or Dutch or the Scandinavian languages such as Danish or Swedish. Its most common words as well as its fundamental gram
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American English


AMERICAN ENGLISH          The English language was brought to America by masses of Englishmen (colonists from England) who settled along the Atlantic coast in the 17th century. Even earlier than that, the American continent had begun to be i
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English – a Germanic language


      1. English – a Germanic language        Although the earliest inhabitants of Britain were not of Germanic origin, English belongs to the Germanic languages which, in their turn, belong to the larger group of languages known as Indo-Euro
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Modern English and Late Modern English


MODERN ENGLISH This period falls into three stages: 1.      Early Modern English: the 16th and 17th centuries 2.      The 18th century 3.      Late Mod
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Future in the Past


Future in the Past Affirmative : S+ would + V1    e.g. : He told me he would buy this book. Interrogative : Would + S + V1    e.g. : Negative : S + would + not + V1   
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Past Tense Continuous


Past Tense Continuous Affirmative : S + was/were + Ving    e.g. : They were talking about me when the train arrived. Interrogative : Was/were + S+ Ving    e.g. : Was I thinking of leaving my
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Present Tense Continuous


Present Tense Continuous Affirmative : S + am/is/are + Ving    e.g. : I’m studying now . Interrogative :  Am/Is/Are + S + Ving    e.g. : Are you writing a letter ? Negative : S + am/is/
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Present Perfect Continuous


Present Perfect Continuous Affirmative : S + have/has + been + Ving    e.g. : I have been living in this city for many years. Interrogative : Have/has + S + been + Ving    e.g. : How lon
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The transition period in the history of English between Old English and Modern English


MIDDLE ENGLISH         The transition period in the history of English between Old English and Modern English is known as Middle English. Its chronological limits are, however, not easy to establish, because the changes transforming any langua
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The Participle


The Participle      English verb has two types of participle : the indefinite participle and the past participle. The indefinite participle represents a non-finite form of the verb which denotes a continuous action or state , thus
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The Verbal Noun


The Verbal Noun There are two classes of nouns ending in –ing :     a.Individual nouns, which , though derived from verbs , lose their character entirely or partly :       beginning (inceput)       ending (sfarsit)
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The Present Continuous


       The Present Continuous I. Form :           -affirmative:        S+am/is/are+V-ing.      -negative:            S+am/is/are+not+V-ing.      -interrog
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English Nonfinite Verbal Forms vs Romanian Nonfinite Verbal Forms


English Nonfinite Verbal Forms vs Romanian       Nonfinite Verbal Forms      We have already mentioned that contemporary English grammar has three non-finite forms : 1. The Infinitive 2. The –ING F
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A General Presentation Of Nonfinite English Verbal Forms


A General Presentation Of Nonfinite English Verbal Forms    Most of the English grammars register the nonfinite English verbal forms as falling into :      1. The Infinitive      2. The Participle      3. The Gerund      4. T
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The Verbal Adjective


The Verbal Adjective          English adjectives ending in –ing may be roughly divided into three categories : a. Adjectives that have the comparative and the superlative degree   surprising (more surpri
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Verbs Followed By The Infinitive Or The gerund


Verbs Followed By The Infinitive Or The gerund      Some verbs may be used with both the infinitive and the gerund , sometimes depending on the meaning to be expressed : to begin , to cease , to continue , to dislike , to dread ,
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Special Infinitival Constructions


Special Infinitival Constructions      The following infinitival constructions of the predicative type are found in contemporary English :                 a.  The Accusative With the Infinitive   b.  The Nominative
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Notiuni elementare de gramatica limbii engleze


Notiuni elementare de gramatica limbii engleze OBIECTIVELE DUMNEAVOASTRA    Cand veti termina de studiat acest volum veti putea sa: ·      
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